2013年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版专题升级训练十四 史地、自然、科普、新闻类阅读理解（一）ATheAlpsaretheyoungestandhighestmountainsysteminEurope.Theystretchacrossthewesternandsouthernpartofthecontinentinabroadarc.ThemountainrangestartsneartheMediterraneanSeaontheborderbetweenFranceandItaly.ThenitcurvesnorthandeastwardthroughnorthernItaly，Switzerland，Liechtenstein，southernGermany，AustriaandSlovenia.TheAlpsareabout1,000kmlong，andthebroadestsectionisover260kmwide.Thehighestpeak，MontBlanc，situatedontheborderbetweenFrance，ItalyandSwitzerland，rises4,807metersabovesealevel.OtherfamouspeaksaretheMonteRosa，theMatterhorn，theGroBglocknerandtheZugspitze.Millionsofyearsagotheareaoftoday'sAlpswascoveredbyalargeseathatseparatedEuropeandAfrica.Thesouthernlandmassstartedmovingnorthwards.Thismovementfoldedrocklayersatthebottomofthesea.Heatandpressuretransformedtherockandpushedthe_materialupwards.TodaytheseregionsarethehighestpartsoftheAlps.Mostofthenewlyformedrockisgraniteandgneiss，butmanyrangesconsistoflimestonewhichalsoformedontheseabed.DuringtheIceAge，whichstartedaboutamillionyearsago，theAlpswerecoveredwithathickblanketofsnow.Glaciersmoveddownvalleysandmadethemwideranddeeper.Astheymovedtheytookrockandothermaterialwiththem，creatingmoraines（冰碛）．Whenglaciersstartedtomeltwaterfilledupbehindthesenaturaldamsandcreatedthealpinelakesweknowtoday.ThelargestoftheseglaciersistheAletschinSwitzerlandwhichreachesalengthofabout25km.ThelongestglacieroftheeasternAlpsisthe8kmlongPasterze，atthefootoftheGroBglockner.Theiceandsnowofthealpineregionshelpedcreatethelargeriversoftoday：theRhine，Rhone，DanubeandthePo.1．FromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowtheAlps______.A．areabout260kmwideB．stretchacrossthewesternpartofAfricaC．aretheyoungestmountainsystemintheworldD．havethehighestpeak4,807metersabovesealevel2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thismaterial”inPara.3referto?A．Seawaterandrock.B．Rockthatwastransformed.C．Rocklayersthatwerefolded.D．Limestonewhichwasontheseabed.3．ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAlpswereformed______.A．beforetheIceAgeB．duringtheIceAgeC．becauseofseas'movementD．becauseofglaciers'movement4．FromthepassageweknowDanubeis______.A．akindofrockB．oneoftheAlps'famouspeaksC．thenameofariverD．oneofthelargestglaciersBNanoparticles（纳米粒子）areeverywhere，fromcosmeticsandclothes，tosoda-7-\nandsnacks.Butascommonastheyare，theyalsohaveadownside，sayresearchersatBinghamtonUniversityandCornellUniversityinarecentpaperpublishedinthejournalNatureNanotechnology.Thesetinyparticles，eveninlowdoses，couldhaveabigimpactonourlongtermhealth.Accordingtotheleadauthorofthearticle，GretchenMahler，assistantprofessorofbioengineeringatBinghamtonUniversity，muchoftheexistingresearchonthesafetyofnanoparticleshasbeendirectlyrelatedtohealtheffects.ButwhatMahlerandateamofresearchersreallywantedtoknowwaswhathappenswhensomeonegetsconstantexposureinsmalldoses—thekindyou'dgetifyoutookadrugorsupplementthatincludednanoparticlesinsomeform.“Wethoughtthatthebestwaytomeasurethemoresubtle（精细的）effectsofthiskindofintakewastomonitorthereactionofintestinal（肠道的）cells，”saidMahler.“Andwedidthisintwoways：throughhumanintestinalliningcellsthatwehadculturedinthelab，andthroughtheintestinalliningsoflivechickens.Bothsetsofresultspointedtothesamething—thatexposuretonanoparticlesinfluencestheabsorptionofnutrientsintothebloodstream.”Theuptakeofironwasofparticularinterestduetothewayitisabsorbedandprocessedthroughtheintestines.“Whatwefoundwasthatforbriefexposures，ironabsorptiondroppedbyabout50percent，”saidMahler.“Butwhenweextendedthatperiodoftime，absorptionactuallyincreasedbyabout200percent.Itwasveryclear—nanoparticlesdefinitelyaffectironuptakeandtransport.”Whilebrieforalexposuredisruptedintestinalirontransport，longtimeexposurecausedintestinalcellstobelargerandbroader，thusallowingirontoenterthebloodstreammuchfaster.“Theintestinalcellsareagatewaythatingestednanoparticlesmustgothroughtogettothebody，”saidMahler.“Wemonitoredironabsorptionandfoundthatthepolystyrenenanoparticlesaffectedtheabsorptionprocessandcausedaphysiologicalresponse.”5．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Nanoparticlesarecommoninourlife.B．Nanoparticleshaveaneffectonourhealth.C．Weshouldknowmoreaboutnanoparticles.D．Theintakeofnanoparticlesshouldbebanned.6．GretchenMahler'sresearchisto______.A．measurethedirecthealtheffectsofironuptakeB．findouttheeffectoflongtimeexposuretonanoparticlesC．explorehowtoreducetheeffectsofnanoparticlesD．studyhownanoparticlesaffectchickens7．Theunderlinedword“disrupted”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans“______”．A．disorderedB．benefitedC．discoveredD．followed8．Inwhichpartofamagazinecanthispassagemostlikelybefound?A．Science.B．History.C．Entertainment.D．Economy.CClimatechangeisthreateningtoredrawtheworld'swineproducingmap，andtheeffectsarealreadybeingseeninearlierharvestsandcoarser（更为粗糙、劣质的）wines.“Theconsequencesofglobalwarmingarealreadybeingfelt.Harvestsarealready-7-\ncoming10daysearlierthanbeforeinalmostallgrapegrowingregions，”saidBernardSeguin，theheadofclimatestudiesatFrance'sINRAagriculturalresearchinstitute.HewasspeakingattheopeningoftheSecondInternationalCongressonWineandClimateChange.“Wineandwineproducingwillchangeinawaythatwilldependonhowwefaceglobalwarming，”saidSeguin.“Ifthetemperaturerisestwoorthreedegreescentigrade，wecouldmanagetoseeBordeauxremainasBordeaux，RiojaasRioja，BurgundyasBurgundy.Butifitgoesupfiveorsixdegrees，wemustfaceuptohugeproblems，andthechangeswillbehard，”hesaid.Grapesaredamagediftheyripentooquickly，duetohighertemperaturesandalackofrain.“Whenagrapematuresmorequickly，yougethigherconcentrationsofsugar，loweracidity（酸性）andahigherPHlevel，”saidFernandoZamoraoftheoenologyfaculty（葡萄酒酿造学系）attheUniversityofTarragonainSpain.Theresultiscoarserwines，withahigheralcohollevelandloweraciditywhichcandestroythedelicateflavorofgoodqualitywines，hesaid.Itwouldalsoleadtohigherpricesincountrieswhichtaxwineaccordingtoitsalcohollevel.“Thetypesofwineswillchangeinalmostallregions，”saidVicenteSotes，aprofessoratthePolytechnicUniversity.Andsomeregionswhichstillproducegoodwinewouldnolongerbenefitfromtheidealclimaticconditionsthatareresponsiblefortheirfame.“TheFrenchwillhaveproblems，especiallyintheBordeauxregion，”saidPanchoCampos，thepresidentoftheWineAcademyofSpain，whoorganizedtheBarcelonaconference.“GermanproducersonthebanksoftheRhinewillbetheleastatrisk，”hesaid.TheFrench“GrandCrus”couldbefurtherthreatenedbythe“NewWorld”winesofAustralia，California，Chile，Argentina，SouthAfricaandNewZealand，whichwouldhavethebestclimaticconditions.“Thecountriesinthesouthernhemisphere（半球）arenexttoagreatermassofwater，anditisseacurrentsthatmaintainthetemperatureatitslevel，”saidCampos.9．What'sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Howweshouldfightagainsttheclimatechange.B．Earlierharvestsarethecausesofcoarserwines.C．Wineproductionisthreatenedbytheclimatechange.D．Globalwarmingisveryseriousinmanycountries.10．Abrandofwinewithpoorqualitybearsthefeatureof______.A．aloweralcohollevelB．alowerPHlevelC．aloweraciditylevelD．alowersugarlevel11．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A．winesofloweralcohollevelaretaxedmoreheavilyB．climateisaveryimportantfactorinwineproducingC．FranceisaleadingwineproducerintheworldD．Germanwineproducersfacethreatensfromothercountries12．Thelastparagraphindicatesthat______.A．winesproducedinthecountriesinthesouthernhemispherehavelowpricesB．FrenchwineproducersfacemorethreatsfromtheriseoftemperatureC．thesoutherncountrieshavemuchhighertemperaturecomparedwiththenorthD．thecountriesinthesouthernhemispherewouldhaveidealclimateforwineproducingDScientiststhinkitwillbepossibletorecordpeople'sdreamsandtheninterpret-7-\nthem.Theyclaimtohavedevelopedasystemwhichallowsthemtorecordhigherlevelbrainactivity.DrMoranCerftoldthejournalNature：“Wewouldliketoreadpeople'sdreams.”Previouslytheonlywaytoaccesspeople'sdreamsisforpsychologiststoaskaboutthemaftertheeventandtrytointerpretthem.DrCerfhopestoeventuallycomparepeople'smemoriesoftheirdreamswithanelectronicpictureoftheirbrainactivity.HetoldtheBBC：“There'snoclearanswerastowhyhumansdream.Andoneofthequestionswewouldliketoansweriswhendoweactuallycreatethisdream.”Thescientistbelieveshislatestresearchshowsthatcertainneurons（神经元）orindividualbraincellsarelinkedwithspecificobjectsorconcepts.HefoundthataparticularneuronlitupwhenavolunteerthoughtaboutMarilynMonroe.Ifadatabasewasbuiltupidentifyingvariousneuronswithconcepts，objectsandpeople，itwouldallowthemto“readthesubject'sminds”，accordingtoDrCerf.However，DrRoderickOner，aclinicalpsychologistanddreamexpert，saidthatthiskindofpicturewouldbeoflimitedhelpwhenitcametointerpretingthe“complexdreamstory”．Inordertogetadetailedpictureofindividualneurons，scientistshadtohaveelectrodes（电极）implanteddeepinthebrainbyusingsurgery.TheNatureresearchersuseddatafrompatientswhohadelectrodesimplantedtomonitorandtreatthemforbrainseizures.However，DrCerfsaidhehopedthatitwouldbepossibleatalaterstagetomonitorpeoplewithoutinvasivesurgery.Hesaiditwouldbe“wonderful”tobeabletoreadthemindsofcoma（昏迷的）patientswhoareunabletocommunicate.13．Howdidwerecordandinterpretourdreamsinthepast?A．Wecouldn'tdothatbecauseofourlimitedscienceknowledge.B．Onlysomescientistscoulddothatwithsomespecialsystems.C．Everyonecoulddothatbyaskingaboutthedreamersaftertheevent.D．Psychologistscoulddothatbyaskingaboutthedreamersaftertheevent.14．Whatcanbeinferredfromthe3rdparagraph?A．DrCerf'slatestresearchisreallyasuccess.B．DrCerf'slatestresearchturnsouttobeafailure.C．NotallscientistsareinfavorofDrCerf'sopinion.D．AllscientiststhinkDrCerf'sresearchisridiculous.15．Whydidscientistshaveelectrodesimplanteddeepinthebrain?A．Becausetheywantedtogainamoreclearimageofindividualneurons.B．Becausetheyhopedtofindanewwayofcuringthepatients'brainseizures.C．Becausetheycouldgetthedatathatwouldbeusedfortreatingbrainseizures.D．Becausetheywantedtoreadthemindsofcomapatientsunabletocommunicate.16．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Afamousscientist，DrCerfB．Scientistsplantorecordpeople'sdreamsC．WhendoweactuallycreatethisdreamD．RoderickOner，aclinicalpsychologistanddreamexpertEChildreninSomaliaaresufferingsomeofthehighestmalnutrition（营养不良）ratesintheworld，saystheUnitedNationsasdroughtcontinuestoaffectthecountry.AnUNofficialtoldtheBBCthatabouttwoandahalfmillionpeoplehadbeenaffected.ShesaidtherehadbeencompletecropfailureinsouthernSomaliaandthat-7-\nmanyhadlosttheirlivelihoods（生活来源，饭碗，生计）．Thecountryhasalsobeenravagedbytwodecadesofviolence.“ManypeopleareleavingruralareastosearchforworkinSomalitowns，whileothersarequittingthecountryaltogether—goingtoKenyaandYemen，”saidGrainneMoloniyoftheUNFoodandAgriculturalOrganization.“Oneinfourchildrenismalnourished—that'soneofthehighestratesintheworld，”shetoldtheBBC'sWorldToday.Therainshaveeitherfailedorbeeninadequateforseveralseasons，fieldsareparched，andlivestock—themainstayoftheeconomy—aredying.“Peoplearebecomingmoredependentonmoneyfromtheirrelativesabroad，”MsMoloniysaid.However，theSomalidiaspora（海外索马里人）havebeenhitbytheglobaleconomiccrisis，andinthepastfewyearshavebeenunabletosendasmuchmoneyhome.“UNagenciesandotherhumanitariangroupsarealsoshortoffunds—theUNhasonlyraisedathirdofwhatitneedsforfoodaidforSomalia，”MsMoloniysaid.“Withnoendtothedroughtinsight，andinsecuritycontinuinginmanypartsofSomalia，itislikelythesituationwillgetworsebeforeitgetsbetter，”saysBBCAfricaanalystMaryHarper.Thecountryhasexperiencedmorethan20yearsofconflict，withIslamistinsurgentsfightingforcesofthetransitionalgovernment，backedbypeacekeepersfromtheAfricanUnion.17．DroughtinsouthernSomaliahasresultedin______.A．violenceB．asmallnumberofchildrengoinghungryC．globaleconomiccrisisD．millionsofpeoplelosingtheirlivelihoods18．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ravaged”inParagraph3mean?A．Destroyed.B．Protected.C．Controlled.D．Frightened.19．Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．TheUNandotherhumanitariangroupshavecollectedenoughmoneytohelppeopleinSomalia.B．Somaliadiasporahavebeenunabletosendmuchmoneyhometotheirpoorrelatives.C．Somaliahasthelargestnumberofchildrensufferingfrommalnutrition.D．Thedroughtwillsoonbeover.20．Wheredoyouthinkthepassageistakenfrom?A．Newspaper.B．Introduction.C．Textbook.D．Literaturemagazine.-7-\n参考答案1.答案：D解析：细节理解题。由第二段的第二句话可知阿尔卑斯山脉的最高峰——勃朗峰海拔4807米。2.答案：B解析：词义猜测题。根据该句的结构“Heatandpressuretransformedtherockandpushedthematerialupwards.”可知该词语指代前面的therock，故选B项。3.答案：A解析：推理判断题。根据第三、四段的首句，可以推断出阿尔卑斯山脉是在冰河世纪之前形成的，故选A项。4.答案：C解析：细节理解题。由文章最后一段可知Danube（多瑙河）是由阿尔卑斯山脉的冰雪融化形成的大河之一。5.答案：B解析：主旨大意题。第一段提出了文章的主旨。根据第一段中的“Thesetinyparticles，eveninlowdoses，couldhaveabigimpactonourlong termhealth”可知，答案为B项。6.答案：B解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“ButwhatMahler...waswhathappenswhensomeonegetsconstantexposureinsmalldoses...”可知，答案为B项。7.答案：A解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“Whatwefoundwasthatforbriefexposures，ironabsorptiondroppedbyabout50percent...”和“...nanoparticlesdefinitelyaffectironuptakeandtransport.”可推断，disrupt意为“干扰”，故答案为A项。8.答案：A解析：推理判断题。本文介绍了关于纳米粒子的最新研究成果，属于科学方面，故答案为A项。9.答案：C解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段是本文的主题句，提到气候变化对葡萄酒生产的影响及后果。10.答案：C解析：细节理解题。题目涉及劣质葡萄酒的特点，原文第三段提到葡萄成熟得太快所导致的葡萄以及葡萄酒的特点。11.答案：B解析：推理判断题。文章一直在论述气候变化对葡萄酒生产产生很大影响，据此推出气候对葡萄种植和葡萄酒生产十分重要。12.答案：D解析：推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句中可知“南半球这些国家邻近大片海域，海流可维持适宜的温度”，由此推测出气候变化会使南半球的国家产生适宜种植葡萄的理想气候环境。13.答案：D解析：细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Previouslytheonlywaytoaccesspeople'sdreamsisforpsychologiststoaskaboutthemaftertheeventandtrytointerpretthem.”可知心理学家通过事后询问做梦的人可以记录并解释他们的梦。14.答案：C解析：推理判断题。第三段最后说到另外一位著名的临床心理学家及研究梦境的专家DrRoderickOner认为DrCerf的研究成果对解读人的梦境帮助不大，故选C项。15.答案：A解析：细节理解题。由第四段首句可知他们把电极通过外科手术植入大脑是为了得到更加详细清楚的个人神经元图像。-7-\n16.答案：B解析：主旨大意题。本文是在介绍科学家们在研究如何记录并解读人的梦境的方面的研究成果，故答案为B项。17.答案：D解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的“...twoandahalfmillionpeoplehadbeenaffected...manyhadlosttheirlivelihoods.”可知选D项。18.答案：A解析：词义猜测题。上文指出索马里正遭受干旱之灾，接着用also一词引出ravage的动作，表明这个国家也受到近二十年的武装冲突的破坏。19.答案：B解析：推理判断题。由第四段中的“However，theSomaliadisaporahavebeenhitbytheglobaleconomiccrisis，andinthepastfewyearshavebeenunabletosendasmuchmoneyhome.”可知B项正确。20.答案：A解析：推理判断题。根据文章内容可知这是对索马里目前状况的报道，所以选A项。-7-
