第一篇词法三、代词(一)知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称我你他她它我们你们他们 主格iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表人称我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsoursyourthey名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代词可见下表人称我你他她它我们你们他们 反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselfthemselves指示代词主要有this,that,these,those疑问代词有：who,whomwhose,what,which,还有疑问副词when,how,where,why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some,any，many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either…(二)正误辨析［误］Tom'smotheristallerthanmy.［正］Tom'smotheristallerthanmine.［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：mybook，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是mymother,也就是mine。［误］Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishthem.［正］Wehavealotofhomeworktodotoday.Soweneedtwoorthreehourstofinishit.［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework，所以应用it。［误］Heandyoushouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.14\n［正］Youandheshouldgotothelibrarytoreturnthebooks.［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you，they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：Heandshe…如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you，we,如：TomandIaregoodfriends.You,heandImustgotoplaythegameforourteamthisafternoon.We,youandtheyhavebeentherebefore.I,heandyouhavetopayforit.［误］Heorhisbrotherisdoingtheirhomework.［正］Heorhisbrotherisdoinghishomework.［析］由either…or,neither…nor,or连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Eitherteachersorstudentswanttodotheirbesttohelptheoldman.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：Theteacherorhisstudentswillcleantheirclassroomtogether.［误］Hisbrotheristallerthanhim.［正］Hisbrotheristallerthanhe.［析］than是连词，其后应视为省略句，thanheis.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。Ilikeyouasmuchasshe.［正］Ilikeyouasmuchasher.［析］as…as其后也应看作是省略句。应为asIlikeher.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。［误］Myselfdidityesterday.［正］Imyselfdidityesterday.［正］Ididitmyselfyesterday.［析］反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。［误］Takecareofourselves.［正］Takecareofyourselves.(yourself)［析］祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.［误］Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyourself.［正］Pleasebringyourdaughterwithyou.［析］反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如：Theoldwomanspoketoherself.14\n［误］Makeyourselfhome.［正］Makeyourselfathome.［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：enjoyoneself玩得开心makeyourselfathome像在家中一样helpyourselftosomething自己拿某物lostoneself迷路seatoneself就坐dressoneself穿衣［误］— Who'sthisspeaking.— That'sMary.［正］— Who'sthatspeaking.— ThisisMary.［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。［误］Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthisinwinter.［正］Thedaysinsummerarelongerthanthoseinwinter.［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：TheweatherinBeijingishotterthanthatinChangChun.［误］Itissoagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.［正］Itissuchagoodbookthateveryonelikestoread.［正］Itissogoodabookthateveryonelikestoread.［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such,如：ItissuchgoodweatherthatIwanttogoswimming.TheyaresuchgoodbooksthatIwanttobuythemall.在many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如：Shehassomuchmoneythatshecanbuyeverythingshewants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:Sheissosweetthateveryonelikesher.［误］Iwanttobuyasamedictionaryasyours.［正］Iwanttobuythesamedictionaryasyours.［析］same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有allthesame(仍然)。［误］— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Idon'thopeso.［正］— Ihopeshemightpasstheexam.— Ihopenot.［析］在作肯定回答时，Ithinkso.Ihopeso.Ibelieveso.但作否定回答时为：Idon'tthinkso.Ihope/believenot.［误］— Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Soshedid.［正］—Hestudiedveryhardthisterm.—Sodidshe.［误］—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soisit.14\n［正］—Englishisdifficulttolearn.—Soitis.［析］在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studiedhard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。［误］Everyoneshoulddoone'sbest.［正］Everyoneshoulddohisbest.［析］one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是one's，反身代词为oneself.如果讲Oneshoulddoone'sbest.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如：someone,anyone,everyone或onlyone则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。［误］—Whowonthegame?—None.［正］—Whowonthegame?—Noone.［析］由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是noone,而由Howmany提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：Howmanybooksarethere?None.［误］Therearemanytreesoneithersidesofthestreet.［正］Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet.［正］Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.［析］either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：Youcantakeeither.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。［误］EitheryouorIareright.［正］EitheryouorIamright.［析］在either…or,或neither…nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。［误］Ihavethreesisters.Neitherofthemisadoctor.［正］Ihavethreesisters.Noneofthemisadoctor.［析］neither用于两者中无一是，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。［误］Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera.Idon'tliketoo.［正］Hedoesn'tlikeBeijingopera,Idon'tlikeeither.［析］either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。［误］Welikeboththislittleboy.［正］Webothlikethislittleboy.［析］both作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在be动词之后，如：Wearebothstudents.在实意动词之前，如：Theparentsbothwanttogotothecinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：Wehavebothreadthese14\nEnglishnovels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Bothofusarenotright.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neitherofusisright.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：Ican'tgiveyoubothofthebooks.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而Ican'tgiveyoueitherofthebooks.才为：两本书我全不能给你。［误］Weeachhasaticketfortheconcert.［正］Weeachhaveaticketfortheconcert.［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：EachofuswantstolearnEnglishwell，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。［误］Everyofushastopasstheexam.［正］Eachofushastopasstheexam.［析］every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every则侧重于全体。［误］Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.［正］Everyoneofusshoulddohouseworktwohoursaday.［析］everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而everyone则可以这样用。［误］IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.［正］IshouldreadEnglisheveryday.［析］要注意的是everyday是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everydayEnglish日常英语，everydaylife日常生活。［误］Therearetreesoneverysidesofthestreet.［正］Therearetreesoneachsideofthestreet.［析］every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.［误］Allmyparentsareengineers.［正］Bothmyparentsareengineers.［析］all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both则用于两者的全部。［误］Allofstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［正］Allofthestudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［正］Allstudentsmightmakesomemistakes.［析］非特指的名词前可用all但不可用allof结构，也就是讲allof结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有：alltheyearround,allweek,allday,allwinter14\n［误］Theallvillagewasflooded.［正］Allthevillagewasflooded.［析］all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。［误］Thepostofficeisonothersideofthestreet.［正］Thepostofficeisontheothersideofthestreet.［析］单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用theother,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。 单数复数泛指another形容词作定语作名词another代词otherothers特指theother形容词theother代词theothertheothers［误］TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheothersstudents?［正］Therearetenstudentshere.Wherearetheothers?［正］TherearetenstudentshereWherearetheotherstudents?［析］theothers=theotherstudents.［误］Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,anotherisadoctor.［正］Theoldmanhastwosons.Oneisateacher,theotherisadoctor.［析］another用于泛指，如：Isitfarfromheretothestation?I'msorry.Ihavenoidea.Onemaysayitisquitenear;anothermaysayitisfarfromhere.但在特指时则要用theother.它可以用作定语，theotherone,也可以用作代词theother,但theother用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用one…another…theother.或者one…asecond…thethird…［误］Somepeoplelikesports.Theotherslikereading.［正］Somepeoplelikesports.Otherslikereading.［析］在泛指的复数名词前用some…others…others…来表示某些人……某些人……某些人……。［误］Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseachotherday.［正］Pleaseremembertowatertheflowerseveryotherday.［析］everyotherday为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：ontheotherhand另一方面。［误］Manyknowhim，butfewlikeshim.［正］Manyknowhim,butfewlikehim.14\n［析］few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而afew为有一些。［误］Youhavefewfriends,haven'tyou?［正］Youhavefewfriends,haveyou?［析］little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。［误］Muchofwhatyousaidaretrue.［正］Muchofwhatyousaidistrue.［析］much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。［误］Thisroomisenoughlargeforthestudentstolivein.［正］Thisroomislargeenoughforthestudentstolivein.［析］enough可以用作代词，如：Thereisenoughofthefood.又如：Enoughhasbeendoneforthework，但enough还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：moneyenough与enoughmoney都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。［误］Iwantanybookstoread.Doyouhaveany?［正］Iwantsomebookstoread.Doyouhaveany?［析］按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。［误］Wouldyoulikeanythingtodrink?［正］Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?［析］在由wouldyoulike发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。［误］Someonewanttomeetyou.［正］Someonewantstomeetyou.［析］不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：Anyoneandeveryonehastheright.任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。［误］NewYorkismuchcolderinwinterthanbefore.［正］ItismuchcolderinNewYorkinwinterthanbefore.［析］it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：Itisteno'clocknow.(代时间)Itisfarfromheretotheairport.(代距离)Itisveryhot.(代天气)ItisverydifficulttolearnEnglishwell.(作形式主语)14\nWefounditverydifficulttoanswerthequestion.(作形式宾语)［误］Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomany.［正］Becareful.Don'tdrinktoomuch.［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。(三)例题解析1Theseare＿＿＿books.Yoursareoverthere.AIBmyCmeDmine［答案］B.［析］这里应用形容词性物主代词。2—＿＿＿isshe?—Sheisateacher.AWhatBHowCWhoDWhere［答案］A.［析］这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。Whatisshe?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而Howisshe?应译为“她身体如何?”而Whoisshe?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Whereisshe?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。3＿＿＿iswrongwithmywatch.Ithasstopped＿＿＿.ASomething,workingBSomething,toworkCAnything,workingDAnything,towork［答案］A.［析］因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。4Mary,help＿＿＿tothebananas,please.AyouByourCyourselfDyourselves［答案］C.［析］helponeselftosomething为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”，而yourselves为“你们”。5—＿＿＿doyougotoschooleveryday?—Bybus.AHowBWhyCWhenDWhere［答案］A.［析］这题的答案是由问句决定的。14\n6Myskirtis＿＿＿popularthan＿＿＿.Amuch,herBmuch,hersCmore,herDmore,hers［答案］D.［析］因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。7—CanyouspeakEnglish?—Yes,butonly＿＿＿.AfewBafewClittleDalittle［答案］D.［析］因会讲某种语言的多少要用alittle,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。8Mr. Smithisanoldfriendof＿＿＿.AIBmeCmyDmine［答案］D.［析］这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。9“＿＿＿doyouhearfromyourparents?”“Aboutonceamonth.”AHowlongBHowmanyCHowoftenDHowmuch［答案］C.［析］Howoften问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。10MrGreenwouldn'tsay＿＿＿atthemeeting.AeverythingBnothingCanythingDsomething［答案］C.［析］在否定句中应用anything11“Mum,Ann'scomingtonight.Let'sgiveher＿＿＿toeat.”“Goodidea!”AanythingniceBniceanythingCsomethingniceDnicesomething［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。12—Whenshallwemeet,thiseveningortomorrowevening?14\n—Idon'tmind.＿＿＿timeisOK.ASomeBNeitherCEitherDBoth［答案］C.［析］因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有Idon'tmind则决定不能选择neither.13Thisisnotherkite, but＿＿＿.Ahe'sBhimCheDhis［答案］D.［析］要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。14Don'tworry,Mum!＿＿＿newsisgoodnews.I'msuredaddywillcomebacksoon.ANoBManyCThoseDTwo［答案］A.［析］这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。15Maryhassixapples.Herbrotherhasthree.Shehas＿＿＿applesthanhe.AfewBmanyCmoreDfewer［答案］C.［析］由于是比较级，根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。16Thereisn't＿＿＿intoday'snewspaper.AanythinginterestingBsomethinginterestingCnothinginterestingDinterestinganything［答案］A.［析］由于句子是否定句，应选择anything，而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。17September10this＿＿＿Day?ATeacherBTeachersCTeacher'sDTeachers'［答案］D.［析］教师节Teachers'Day,儿童节Children'sDay,妇女节Women'sDay18—InEngland,peopleeatalotof“takeaway”food.Whataboutpeopleinyourcountry?—＿＿＿ASowedo.BWedoso.CSodowe.DWesodo.14\n［答案］C.［析］在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。19—Shallwegointothatshopandhavealook?—Sorry.Iwon't.Ihave＿＿＿todothere.AeverythingBanythingCsomethingDnothing［答案］D.［析］这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。20—Oh,dear!Whobroketheglass?—＿＿＿Sam＿＿＿Bruce.Itwasthecat.ABoth,andBNot,butCNeither,norDEither,or［答案］C.［析］neither…nor意为既不……也不……21Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake.＿＿＿areclimbingthehill.AOthersBOtherCAnotherDTheother［答案］A.［析］这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。22Sheisnotanurse.I'mnot＿＿＿.AalsoBeitherCneitherDtoo［答案］B.［析］在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23Ihavetwopencils.Oneisred,＿＿＿isblue.AtheotherBanotherCothersDtheothers［答案］A.［析］两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而theothers是特指复数代名词。24Sorry,Ican'tansweryourquestion.Iknow＿＿＿aboutthesubject.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew14\n［答案］A.［析］中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。25Mysisterdoesn'tlikeskating＿＿＿.ASodoIBSoIdon'tCNeitherIdon'tDNeitherdoI［答案］D.［析］这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。26Yesterdaymorningtherewereonlythreeboysinourroom,＿＿＿.Ayou,heandIBI,youandheChe,IandyouDyou,Iandhe［答案］A.［析］这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。27Allthestudentsarebusy,so＿＿＿ofthemwillgototheconcert.AmanyBlittleCafewDfew［答案］D.［析］student为可数名词。28Theteachergave＿＿＿studentanewbook.AnobodyBbothCeachDany［答案］C.［析］both其后的名词应为复数，而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。29Blackisneitherateacher＿＿＿aworker.AorBeitherCnorDand［答案］C.［析］neither…nor为“既不……也不……”的固定搭配。30Ourteachergaveus＿＿＿onstudying.AmanyadvicesBsomeadvicesCanadviceDsomeadvice［答案］D.［析］advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。31Therearetwoforeignfriendsinthepark.One＿＿＿isfromJapan,isfromAmerica.14\nAotherBothersCtheotherDtheothers［答案］C.［析］因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。32Arethere＿＿＿onthetable?AsomecupsBanycupCsomecupDanycups［答案］D.［析］此句是疑问句，应用anycups,因提问时的be动词用的是are。33I'vejustboughtfivestamps.OneisaGermanstamp,＿＿＿areAmericanstamps.AtheotherBtheothersCotherDothers［答案］B.［析］此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。theother只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。34Itwas＿＿＿finedaythattheywenttothepark.AasoBsoaCsuchaDasuch［答案］C.［析］在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：suchagoodday，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：sogoodaday.35Atthattimethetrainwasslowandnoisy.So＿＿＿peoplelikedtakingtrains.AlittleBalittleCfewDafew［答案］C.［析］这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用“few”。36Wemusthelpandunderstandeach＿＿＿.AotherBanotherCothersDtheother［答案］A.［析］eachother意为“互相”，是习惯用语。37＿＿＿isdifficulttowalkonthemoon.AManBOneCThatDIt［答案］D.［析］这里的真正主语应为不定式towalkonthemoon.而形式主语只能用it.38Janehassentseveralletters,but＿＿＿ofthemhavebeenanswered.AallBbothCeitherDnone14\n［答案］D.［析］severalletters意为“若干信件”，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。39Idon'tknow＿＿＿aboutthenewheadmaster.AsomethingBeverythingCnothingDanything［答案］D.［析］否定句中应用anything.40＿＿＿ofthestudentsinthewholeclasscoulddothisphysicsquestion.ANoBNoneCNotDNeither［答案］B.14
