名词表示人或事物的名称或抽象概念的词叫名词。名词的考查主要涉及词义理解、词形变化、名词复数变化的构成、名词所有格、不可数名词量的表示法等等。考点提炼考点一词义理解有些名词在不同的语言环境中有不同的词义。词义理解题旨在考查学生是否通过对上下文的理解，使用合适的词汇。考查形式主要有以下三种：1、一词多义一词多义指某个名词具有两种或两种以上的常见意义，在不同的语言环境中使用不同的意义。如：paper报纸；试卷room房间；空间time时间；次数orange橘子(汁)；橘黄色fish鱼；鱼肉chicken小鸡；鸡肉【真题链接】（山东省泰安市）—Lucy,doyoulike_______?—Yes.Mostofmyclothesare_______.A.anorange,anorangeB.orange,orangeC.oranges,orangesD.orange,anorange【答案】B2、近义词辨析近义词指某几个名词在意义上比较接近，但使用范围不同。考试中出现频率比较高的近义词有以下几组：person,people,human人job,work工作home,family,house家problem,question,trouble问题sound,voice,noise声音clothing,clothes,dress衣服【真题链接】（2022湖北恩施）—Whydoyoulooksoexcited,Tim?—I’vejustgotawonderful______.A.newsB.jobC.furniture【答案】B（2022宁夏）—Listen!Whoissinging?—It’sBetty.Shehasasweet______.A.soundB.voiceC.noiseD.speech【答案】B3、语境辨词所谓语境辩词，就是运用我们的生活经验、知识积累，根据上下文推测出空格处所要表达的意思，选择正确的词，如：我们渴了就需要水(water)、饮料(tea,coffee,juice等)，我们寄信需要去postoffice，取钱需要去bank等。【真题链接】（2022江苏泰州）—I'mtiredoutthesedays.6\n—Well,you'dbetterkeepa______betweenworkandplay.A.promise B.diary C.balance D.secret【答案】C（2022江苏苏州）Noneofthemtalked.Theyfinishedtheirmealin.A.silenceB.orderC.placeD.public【答案】A（2022江苏扬州）—Findinginformationisnotabigdealtoday.—Well,the______ishowwecantellwhethertheinformationisusefulornot.A.courageB.messageC.challengeD.knowledge【答案】C考点二词形转化英语中，有时一个名词加上相应的前缀或后缀就可以变为形容词。如：sleep（睡觉）→asleep（睡着的）→sleepy(瞌睡的，困乏的)；help（帮助）→helpful（有帮助的）等。常见的名词变形容词的方法有：名词分类方法举例表人的-lyfriend→friendly;mother→motherly表物的-en/-ywood→wooden;sand→sandy表时间的-lyweek→weekly;year→yearly表天气的-ywind→windy;rain→rainy表方位的-ernsouth→southern;west→western表大洲、国家的-nIndia→Indian;America→American表抽象概念的-yhealth→healthy;luck→lucky-fulhope→hopeful;colour→colourful-lesshope→hopeless;care→careless另外，在某些名词后加-ish或-ous也可构成形容词。如：fool（傻瓜）→foolish（愚蠢的）；danger（危险）→dangerous（危险的）【真题链接】1.（2022江苏南京）WethinkSamuelisthemostsuitablepersontobeourmonitorbecausehedoeseverythingvery________(careful).2.（2022江苏南京）Withthe_______(develop)oftechnology,thejourneytoMarsmightonlytakeabout20minutesinspacecraftinthefuture.3.（2022江苏盐城）Everyoneshouldbehave______inpublic.(polite)4.（2022江苏盐城）—Who’sthatboystandingoverthere?—Sam,aforeignfriendof_____.（I)5.（2022江苏盐城）Afterworkingallnight,Katecouldn’tstay_____thenextmorning.(wake)6.（2022江苏扬州）It’sthe_______timethatIhavevisitedthecityofYangzhou.(four)【答案】1.carefully2.development3.politely4.mine5.awake6.fourth考点三可数名词的数可数名词有单复数两种形式，当单数名词变为复数形式时有规则变化和不规则变化之分。1、规则变化6\n情况变化形式例词一般情况加-sboy－boysdesk－desks以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加-esclass－classesbox－boxes以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词变y为i,再加-escity－citiescountry－countries以f或fe结尾的名词变f、fe为v再加-esknife－knivesshelf－shelves以o结尾的名词加-espotato－potatoestomato－tomatoes以两个元音结尾的名词加-sradio－radioszoo－zoos某些外来词加-sphoto－photoskilo－kilos【真题链接】1.（2022贵州安顺）Herearesome.Doyoulike?A.oranges;themB.orange;itC.oranges;theyD.oranges;their2.（上海）Joannareceivedmany______whengraduatingfrommiddleschool.(gift)3.（江苏省南京）—Mum,todayisyourday,theWomen’sDay.Herearesome_______(flower)foryou.—It’sverythoughtfulofyou.Thanks,Kitty.4.（江苏省无锡）Many______(butterfly)haveroundmarksontheirwingsthatlooklikeeyes.【答案】A2.gifts3.flowers4.butterflies2、不规则变化(1)熟记这些名词的复数形式：man—men；woman—women；child—children；foot—feet；tooth—teeth；mouse（老鼠）—mice。(2)Englishman，policeman之类的词变复数一般改man为men，如：Frenchman—Frenchmen。若man/woman用于另一名词前构成合成词，该名词变复数时两个名词都要变复数，如：mandoctor—mendoctors。(3)单、复数形式相同：deer，sheep，Chinese，Japanese，fish，people⑷一些名词只有复数形式，如shoes,socks,trousers,gloves,glasses（眼镜）等。【真题链接】1.（2022江苏淮安）MissGreenadvisedustodecorateacardforeachotherwiththose______(leaf).2.（2022黑龙江绥化）Wecanseemany________onthehillinthepicture.A.sheepsB.sheepC.horse3.（2022湖南娄底）—Wouldyoulikesome_______fordinner?—OK.A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoes4.（2022四川攀枝花）Allthe______arefrom______.A.mendoctors,GermanyB.mendoctors,GermanC.mandoctors,GermanyD.mandoctor,German【答案】1.leaves2.B3.C4.A考点四不可数名词及其量的表示法不可数名词没有单复数形式，不能用a／an或数直接修饰，但可用some,any,much,little,alotof,plentyof等来修饰；若要表示不可数名词的量，应用“6\n不定冠词／基数词+单位词（piece,cup…）＋of＋不可数名词”这种形式，如：twopiecesofpaper两张纸等。【真题链接】1.（2022甘肃兰州）Youpaid￥10for_______thismorning.A.4bottlemilksB.4bottlesofmilkC.4bottlesofmilksD.4milk2.（新疆省阜康市）Mr.Blackgaveus______onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A.anadviceB.manyadvicesC.someadviceD.someadvices3.（山东省滨州市）—CanIhelpyou?—I’dlike________formytwindaughters.A.twopairofshoesB.twopairsofshoeC.twopairofshoeD.twopairsofshoes【答案】1.B2.C3.D考点五名词所有格的使用根据构成的方式不同，名词所有格分为三种情况：’s形式的所有格；of短语构成的所有格和双重所有格。◇表示人或有生命的事物的名词所有格的构成：⑴在单数名词后加“’s”构成。⑵在不以s结尾的名词后加“s”。⑶在以s结尾的名词后加“’”。◇表示无生命的事物的名词所有格通常是由“of+名词”构成。◇关于双重所有格。⑴“of+名词’s”这种形式称为名词的双重所有格。双重所有格常用来表示在整体中的一部分。⑵双重所有格中的of前的名词前常有一个限定的词，如：a,the,any,some,no,few,several,two,ten等。⑶of后的“名词’s”也可以用名词性物主代词代替。【真题链接】1.（2022四川凉山）—_____fathersdidn’tcometothemeeting.Why?—BecausetheyhavegonetoBeijing.A.Jeff’sandAmy’sB.JeffandAmyC.Jeff’sandAmyD.JeffandAmy’s2.（2022广东佛山）TimesmagazinesaysthatsmartLegohasbecomeoneof______favoritetoys.A.childB.childrenC.children's3.（湖北省黄石市）—Withwhomdidyouwatch2022WorldCupOpeningCeremony?—_______.A.AfriendofmineB.AfriendofmeC.AfriendofmysisterD.Afriendofyou【答案】1.A2.C3.A考点六“数词＋名词”作定语的构成英语中在使用数词与名词共同作定语时，中间要用连词符号连接，并且名词不用复数形式，修饰另一个单数可数名词时，前面要加a/an。【真题链接】6\n1.（2022贵州黔西南）A_______womanwassavedfromtheshiponJune2nd,2022.A.65yearoldB.65-year-oldsC.65-year-oldD.65-years-old2.（四川省巴中）Whatapity!LiuXiangdidn’twinthe______hurdles(跨栏).A.110-meterB.110-metersC.110meter【答案】1.C2.A专项训练一、用名词的适当形式填空。1.Therearelotsof____(tomato)inthebasketonthetable.2.Whose____(photo)arethese?3.Thecatcaughttwo____(mouse)lastnight.4.Jackwenttohavetwo____(tooth)pulledoutyesterdayafternoon.5.Thereissome____(rice)inthebag.6.Therearetwonew____(shelf)inmystudy.7.Many____(foreign)havevisitedBeijinginthelastfewyears.8.Theshopsells____(woman)hats.9.The_____(German)aregoingtoflytoBeijingfortheirholiday.10.Allthese____(thief)havebeencaught.11.TheP.Eteachergavemesome_____(advice)onhowtoplaysoccerwell.12.Parisisthecapitalof_____(French).13.Heshowedusaphotoofhis_____(family).14.Therearemany_____(mouse)inthatoldhouse.15.Weshouldeatmore_____(fruit)insteadofdrinkingsome_____(drink).16.Katecan’twalknowbecauseshehurther_____(foot)yesterday.17.Thereislittle_____(bread)inthefridge.Willyougoandbuysome?18.The_____(green)havegonetoNewYorkforholidays.19.Theybuiltmany_____(build)onShanghai.20.Intheearthquake,lotsofpeoplelosttheir_____(life)inIndia.二、单项选择1.You’dbetterdomorning______everyday.It’sgoodtohavelotsof______.A.exercise,exerciseB.exercises,exerciseC.exercise,exercisesD.exercises,exercises2.—Arethose______?—No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.A.sheep,cowsB.sheep,cowC.sheeps,cowsD.sheeps,cow3.Thisisnotmycap,butmy______.A.brothersB.brother’sC.brothers’D.brother4.Hedroppedthe______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup5.—Couldyoumoveoveralittleandmakesome______forme?—Sure,please.6\nA.placeB.seatC.roomD.country6.Aftertheexam,we’llhave______holiday.A.twoweeksB.two-weeksC.twoweeks’D.twoweek’s7.The______nowisthatIhavelotsof______toask.A.problem,questionsB.question,problemsC.question,problemD.problem,question8.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?—_____,please.A.TwocupofcoffeeB.TwocupsofcoffeesC.TwocupsofcoffeeD.Twocupofcoffees9.Thisis______bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s10.—Howwellshesings!—Yes,shehasaverysweet______.A.voiceBsoundC.noiseD.mouth【答案】一、1.tomatoes2.photos3.mice4.teeth5.rice6.shelves7.foreigners8.women9.Germans10.thieves11.advice12.France13.family14.mice15.fruit;drinks16.feet17.bread18.Greens19.buildings20.lives二、1-5BABAC6-10CACDA6
