动词的时态和语态各种时态与语态的构成现在过去将来过去将来主动被动主动被动主动被动主动被动一般do/doesam/is/aredonedidwas/weredoneshall/willdoshall/willbedoneshould/woulddoshould/wouldbedone进行am/is/aredoingam/is/arebeingdonewas/weredoingwas/werebeingdoneshall/willbedoingshall/willbebeingdoneshould/wouldbedoingshould/wouldbebeingdone完成has/havedonehas/havebeendonehaddonehadbeendoneshall/willhavedoneshall/willhavebeendoneshould/wouldhavedoneshould/wouldhavebeendone完成进行has/havebeendoing\hadbeendoing\shall/willhavebeendoing\should/wouldhavebeendoing\动词过去式的变化规则一般情况在动词后加edwork→worked play→playedwant→wanted以e结尾的动词后加dhope→hopedlike→liked以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，变y为i再加edstudy→studiedtry→tried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加edstop→stoppedprefer→preferred\nadmit→admittedpermit→permitted动词第三人称单数的变化规则一般情况直接加swork→works get→getssay→says read→reads结尾为s,x,sh,ch或o，在词尾加esdiscuss→discusseswash→washesfix→fixes go→goesteach→teaches[来源:学科网]结尾为“辅音字母＋y”，变y为i再加escarry→carries study→studiestry→tries fly→fliescry→cries动词现在分词的变化规则一般情况在词尾直接加ingwork→workingstudy→studying以不发音的e结尾的动词，去e再加ingwrite→writingtake→takingface→facing“辅音＋元音＋辅音”结尾的重读闭音节词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写词尾辅音字母，再加ingcut→cuttingbegin→beginningswim→swimmingrun→runningput→puttingplan→planningstop→stopping以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y再加inglie→lying die→dying各种时态的用法考点一一般时态一.一般现在时1.表示现在的情况、状态或特征。\n例：Heisaprofessor.他是一个教授。2.表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,everytime,nowandthen,occasionally,often,seldom,never,sometimes,usually,everyday/night等连用。例：OnMondaymorningsitusuallytakesmeanhourtodrivetoworkalthoughtheactualdistanceisonly20miles.周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。3.客观事实和普遍真理。例：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。4.表示按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come,close等动词。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：Thenexttrainleavesat3o'clockthisafternoon.下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。5.在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将的来事情。（即：主将从现原则）例：IwillcallyouassoonasIarriveattheairport.我一到机场就会给你打电话。Whenyouhavefinishedthereport,Iwillhavewaitedforabout3hours.等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。Thepresidenthopesthatthepeoplewillbebetteroffwhenhequitsthanwhenhestarted.这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。二.一般过去时[来源:Zxxk.Com][来源:Zxxk.Com]1．表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often,usually,seldom等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与yesterday,theotherday,lastweek,thedaybeforeyesterday等表示过去的时间状语连用。例：—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround.—嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.IjuststartedonMonday.—你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始住在这儿。2．有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词：know,think,expect,want等。例：Edward,youplaysowell.ButIdidn’tknowyouplayedthepiano.爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。三.一般将来时\n1．“shall/will＋动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,nextyear,in＋一段时间等连用。其中shall通常用于第一人称，will通常用于各种人称。“will＋动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。例：Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheireffortswillberewardedwithsuccessintheend.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。—Whattimeisit?—几点了？—Ihavenoidea.Butjustaminute,Iwillcheckitforyou.—我不知道。你稍等，我给你查查。2．“begoingto＋动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。Dr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,isgoingtovisitBeijingthissummer.史密斯博士将在今年夏天和他的妻子与女儿们一起游览北京。3．“beto＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。例：Youaretohandinyourpapersby10o’clock.到10点你必须得交上试卷。Ameetingistobeheldat3o’clockthisafternoon.会议将于今天下午3点举行。4．“beaboutto＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可与并列连词when(＝andatthis/thattime)引导的分句连用。例：Tomwasabouttoclosethewindowswhenhisattentionwascaughtbyabird.汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。考点二进行时态一．现在进行时1．表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。例：Wearefacingtodayastrangenewworldandweareallwonderingwhatwearegoingtodowithit.我们今天正面对一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们要如何运用它。2．表示位置转移的动词(词组)，如：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have,wear,runout等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。例：Foodsuppliesinthefloodstrickenareaarerunningout.Wemustactimmediatelybeforethere’snoneleft.洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前采取行动。3.延续性动词用于有将来的时间状语或有将来语境的句子中，也可以表示将来。\n例：Iamtravellingnextmonth.下个月我要去旅行。4.现在进行时与频度副词连用，表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。例：Heisalwayshelpingothers.他总是帮助别人。（褒义）二．过去进行时1．表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及atthattime,atthatmoment,atthistimeyesterday,atteno’clockyesterday等连用。例：Susanhadquitherwell－paidjobandwasworkingasavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年我去探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。2．表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。例：Jackwasworkinginthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。[来源:Z&xx&k.Com]三．将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作，常与一些标志性的时间状语连用，如atthistimetomorrow,bythen,from1：30to4：30tomorrow等。例：Janecan’tattendthemeetingat3o’clockthisafternoonbecauseshewillbeteachingaclassatthattime.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为那个时间段她正在教课。现在完成时1.表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成，强调对现在产生的影响。例：Iboughtanewhouse,butIhaven'tsoldmyoldoneyet,soatthemomentIhavetwohouses.我买了一所新房子，但是还没有卖掉旧的，所以现在我又两所房子。2.表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：GreatasNewtonwas,manyofhisideashavebeenchallengedtodayandarebeingmodifiedbytheworkofscientistsofourtime.虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。考点三完成时态\n一、现在完成时1．表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，而对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语：already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,inthelast(past)fewdays/years,uptonow,tillnow,sofar等。例：China’shigh－speedrailwayshavegrownfrom9，000to25，000kilometersinthepastfewyears.在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9000公里增长到25000公里。2．表示从过去某时开始而延续至今(可能还要延续下去)的动作或状态。常用的时间状语：since＋时间点；for＋时间段等。例：—Irememberyouwereatalentedpianistatcollege.Canyouplaythepianoforme?—我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴家。你能为我弹钢琴吗？—Sorry,Ihaven’tplayedthepianoforyears.—抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。4.在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。例：Willyoucometomyofficewhenyouhavefinishedyourwork?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下，好吗？二、过去完成时1．表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)。但在语法填空题中很多时候需要通过上下文来判断。例：Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,whomIhadn’tseenforyears.当沿着街道散步的时候，我遇见了多年未见的戴维。BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hissonhadgraduatedfromcollege.当杰克从英格兰回到家中时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。2．表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作或状态，常用的时间状语：before,bythen,bythattime,bytheendof,bythetime＋从句等。例：IttookmealongtimebeforeIwasabletofullyappreciatewhattheyhaddoneforme.很久以后我才能够完全领会到他们为我所做的一切。3．表示“愿望，打算”的动词(hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose,plan,intend等)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。例：Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.昨天我本来打算去拜访你，但是来了一位不速之客。常使用完成时的句型(1)This/It/Thatisthefirst/...time＋thatsb.has/havedonesth.；\nThis/It/Thatwasthefirst/...time＋thatsb.haddonesth.这是某人第几次做某事。(2)It/Thisis/wasthe＋最高级＋名词＋(that)定语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时。(3)Itis/hasbeen＋一段时间＋sincesb.did；Itwas/hadbeen＋一段时间＋sincesb.haddonesth.自从……以来多久了。(4)hardly/scarcely...when.../nosooner...than...(一……就……)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。考点四完成进行时考纲对完成进行时要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时。1．表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或产生的状态一直延续到现在，并有可能继续下去，常用的时间状语：allthismorning,thismonth,thesefewdays,since和for引导的状语从句等。例：Themanagerhasbeentellingtheworkershowtoimprovetheprogramsince9a．m.从上午九点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。2．所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。例：Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheireffortswillberewardedwithsuccessintheend.学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报的。考点五被动语态的用法一、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。二、被动语态基本用法被动语态的使用场合：1.不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者；2.需要突出或强调动作的承受者。例：Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohadbeentrappedinthemountainsfortwodays.一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。Mywashingmachineisbeingrepairedthisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.这周我的洗衣机正在维修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：have有；cost花费；lack缺少；own拥有；belongto属于；takepartin参加。(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有：happen/takeplace/occur发生；remain剩下；breakout爆发；last持续；comeout出版；comeup被提出；loseheart失去信心；datefrom/backto追溯到；runout用完。 三、主动形式表示被动意义\n1．当系动词feel,sound,taste,look,smell,appear,seem,turn,stay,become,get,grow,keep等＋形容词/名词构成系表结构时，常常以主动形式表示被动意义。例：Thiskindofwoolshirtfeelssoft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。2．当sell,read,cut,wash,write,open,wear,run,burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰，用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时，用主动形式表示被动含义。例：Haveyouboughtthebookthatsellswellthesedays?Ithinkitissuitableforusteenagers. 你买最近销量很好的那本书了吗？我认为它非常适合我们青少年。Ⅰ.单句语法填空根据句意和结构，用括号内动词的正确形式填空。1.Atayoungage，he________(move)toSpainandnowplaysprofessionallyfortheFCBarcelona.2.It________(rain)atthattimeandthestreetswerefullofholeswhichwerefullofwater.3.IjustgraduatedfromWestCoastUniversity.I________(receive)jobskilltrainingjustbeforethat，butIhadneverworked.4.Thefullrailway，whichincludes72-kilometersectionthroughBeijing________(complete)infourandahalfyears.5.We________(reduce)emissionofairpollutantsinrecentyears，butcarsarestillmajorsourceofthem.6.It'sfunforamateurstotry，buttobecomegoodatit，notonlyyearsofpracticebutalsonaturaltalent________(need).7.Thebeautyoftheviewscouldn't(imagine)andtheyleftmewithmanygreatmemories.8.Itwasthefourthtimeshe(shop)onlineforhours.Ihadalreadyremindedhertothinktwicebeforebuyinganything,butmywifeignoredwhatIhadsaid.9.Playingfootballnotonlymakesusgrowtallandstrongbutalso________(give)usasense\noffairplayandteamspirit.10.ThereasonforthisisthatBritain'ssupermarkets________(experience)hugechangesinthepastdecades.11.Themuseum________(become)ahitsinceitopenedattheendofOctober.12.ThiswasthefirsttimeI(experience)sandstormsandIdon'teverwanttobeinoneagain.13.Ithasbeenalongtimesincewe(meet)inChinalasttime.14.MrWhite(teach)inourschoolfornearlyfortyyearsbeforeheretiredlastmonth.15.Besideshigh-speedrail，China________(improve)people'slivesinmanyotherinnovativewaysoverthelastdecade.[来源:学.科.网Z.X.X.K]16.SinceZhangjiajie________(improve)itstransportationandserviceforlong，thecitynowcanreceive36,200touristsperday.17.Isaytohimwithacheerfulsmile，“Gotoexerciseandyou________(feel)better.”18.Theorchid(兰花)iswell-knownforitsdelicatesmell.Beautifularticlesandpoems________(call)“lanzhang”byChinesepeopleinancienttimes.19.“Itwillalsoimproveculturalexchanges”,Zhangadded“Lanzhoupeoplewouldliketoworkwithfriendsathomeandabroadtopromotethedevelopmentofcookingandwesincerelyhopemoreculturalexchangesofthiskind________(hold)inItalyandLanzhouinthefuture.”20.Hotpotrestaurantscan________(find)onprettymucheverystreetinChengdu,butthequalityandtastecanvaryhugely.21.TheBeijingPalaceMuseumkeepstheoriginalSongpaintingandoneofitsfamouscopies一theQingversion________(hold)intheNationalPalaceMuse-uminTaipei.22.TheSilkRoadwasapassageforthetransportationofsilkinancienttimes.Lotsofrelicsontheroadcanstill________(see)now.23.Hans'idea________(praise)andmanyreporterswrotea-boutit.Therefore,Hans'productsquicklybecamefamous.24.Oneday,whenIwasdrawingdiagramsonthebalconyandhe________(bathe)inside,thevolcanoeruptedunexpectedly.25.Now,I'dliketosharewhatI________(learn)throughTravel-lingGuideafewweeksago.\n26.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,violencedidexistinschools.Studentsshowedtheirfearandparentsandteachersalso________(express)theirgreatconcernaboutit.27.InthespringofthefollowingyeartheymakethelongandtiringjourneybacktoBritain.Theyget________(settle)onthesamebarnortreeinthesamedistrictwhichtheyleftthepreviousautumn.28.Doctorsandscientists________(learn)agreatdealaboutsleepinthelastthirtyyears，29.Therearemanydifferenttaboos(禁忌)aroundtheworld.Atabooisasocialactionthatisnot________(allow).30.Themarket,which________(call)TrainNightMarketRatchadainEnglish，wasopenedinJanuary2015andhasbecomeapopularspotforlocalsandtourists.31.Bythattime,she________(accept)byYaleUniversityandHarvardUniversityintheU.S.32.Iwassenttothevillagelastmonthtoseehowthedevelopmentplan________(carry)outinthepasttwoyears.II.单句改错1.TheSpringFestivalisapproachingandmanystudentswanttogotravelling.ButIhadmadeupmymindnottogoanywhere.Thereasonsareasfollows.2.TherearemanydifferenttypesofChinese.Forexample,onetypeknownasMandarin,hadalmostabillionspeakers.3.IamrememberthefirsttimemyparentsandItalkedaboutmydreamofbecomingawriter.4.Atlast,XiaoMingwassavedbuttheyoungmanleftwithoutsayinganything.Wewerealldeeplymovedbywhathehavedone.5.Lastmonth,ourclassclimbedMountTai，whichwasmorethan1,500metersabovesealevel.6.Third,weshouldtakemoreexercisetokeephealthy.what'smore,we'dbetterreviewwhatwehadlearnedatschool.7.Ifinallyrealizedthatsomethingnecessaryhadtodone.Itwastimeforachange.8.Thiswillgivemeaheadstartontheday.IhavealsobeendecidedtokeeparecordofwhatIdoandwhenIdoit.\n9.Inthereply,theschoolpromisetosatisfyallhisrequirementsandencouragedhimtohaveastrongbeliefinlife.10.TheylaughedouthappilywhentheyreadtheshortstoryIwriteaboutrobots.11.Anyway,afterweleftBarcelona,wecometospendseveraldaysinGranada.12.Finally,Iworkharderthaneverandmadegreatprogressinmymath.13.OnceIwenttothemarketwithmymumforabigdinneronSaturday.Whenwewerewalkingpastthestalls,aloudnoisewascaughtmyattention.14.What'smore,thousandsoftouristsfromthewordcamehereeveryyear,whichisreallysplendid.15.TodayI’vegotwonderfulnewstotellyou.IhadbeenofferedajobatacompanyinEnglandformygoodperformance.16.Tocollecttoopinionsfromthepublic,anonlinesurveyhasmadethesedays.17.ByJunethestudentsusuallyhavebeenfoundtheirjobsandthentheybeginpreparingtoentertheworldofwork.18.Whensummercame，theywillinvitetheirstudentstopickthefreshvegetables!19.BothDadandIplannedtodosomethingonMother’sDay.Wegetupearlyinthemorning.20.Today.atthelocalconveniencestorewhereIwork,anelderlymanwithaguidedogcomein.21.Thismorning,Igotamemailfromthelibrary.ItsaidthebookIreservedwasreadytobepickingup.Ⅲ.语篇语法填空(动词的时态、语态)AMybestfriendKaiyaislikeme.She1.________(remind)meofmyself.Inthepast,I2.________(be)neverconfidentbecauseofmyappearance.Peoplealwayslaughedatmyweight,myheight,myhairstyle,etc.Atthattime,Iwastheshorteststudentinmyclass.Istartedgettingdepressed.However,SomeonetoldmesomethingthatIwillalwaysremember，ItwasinMarch.Surroundedbyagroupofgirlswho3.________(point)atmeandlaughedatme，Icouldn'thelpcrying.Thetearsrolleddownmyfacelikearushingriver.Tomysurprise，someoneliftedmyheadupandwipedthetearsfrommyeyes.IthenknewitwasourEnglishteacher,MissLi.Shesaid,“you4.________(be)perfect\nthewayyouare.Youshouldneverchangeorhateyourself.People5.________(accept)youforwhoyou6.________(be).Butifyoucannotacceptyourself,thenhowwillotherpeopleacceptyou.”I7._______(inspire)byherwords.Overthepastfewmonths,I8.________(learn)thatnooneisperfectandthatweallhaveflaws.NowIhavewonderfulfriendswho9.________(love)meforwhoIam.Now,seeingKaiyacry,IdecidetotellherthesamethingMissLi10.________(tell)me.BItwasgettingdarkwhenI1________(get)home.ItwascoldandI2.________(wear)acoat.IwalkeduptothedoorandputmyhandintomypockettotakeoutmykeybutI3.________(can)notfindit.IsuddenlyrememberedthatI4.________(leave)itonmydeskintheoffice.Itreallydidn'tmakeanydifference.Iknewmywife5.________(be)athomeandthechildrenmusthavecomebackfromschoolbynow,soI6.________(knock)atthedoor.Therewasnoanswer,soIknockedagain.Icontinuedknockingatthedoorforsometime.Iwasgettingangry.ThenIrememberedsomethingtheofficeboy7.______(tell)meatnoon.Hesaidthatmywife8._______(phone)sayingthatshe9.______(go)shoppingintheafternoonwiththechildren.There10.______(be)onlyonethingformetodo：Ihadtoclimbinthroughawindow.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.moved2.wasraining3.hadreceived4.willbecompleted5.havereduced/havebeenreducing6.isneeded7.beimagined8.hadshopped9.gives10.haveexperienced11.hasbecome12.hadexperienced13.met14.hadtaught15.hasimproved16.hasbeenimproving17.willfeel18.werecalled19.willbeheld20.befound21.isheld22.beseen23.waspraised24.wasbathing\n25.learned/learnt26.expressed27.settled28.havelearned29.allowed30.iscalled31.hadbeenaccepted32.hadbeencarriedII.单句改错1.had→have2.had→has3.删除am4.have→shad5.was→is6.had→have7.to后加be8.删除been9.promise→promised10.writes→wrote11.come→came12.work→worked13.去掉was14.came→come15.had→have16.在has后加been17.删除been18.came→comes19.get→got20.come→came21.picking→pickedⅢ.短文语法填空A答案1.reminds2.was3.pointed4.are5.willaccept6.are7.wasinspired8.havelearned/learnt9.love10.toldB答案1.got2.waswearing3.could4.hadleft5.was6.knocked7.hadtold8.hadphoned9.wouldgo10.was
