二、转换词汇类(2022·江苏)Peopleselectnewsinexpectationofareward.Thisrewardmaybeeitheroftwokinds.OneisrelatedtowhatFreudcallsthePleasurePrinciple，theothertowhathecallstheRealityPrinciple.Forwantofbetternames，weshallcallthesetwoclassesimmediaterewardanddelayedreward.Ingeneral，thekindofnewswhichmaybeexpectedtogiveimmediaterewardarenewsofcrimeandcorruption，accidentsanddisasters，sports，socialevents，andhumaninterest.Delayedrewardmaybeexpectedfromnewsofpublicaffairs，economicmatters，socialproblems，science，education，andhealth.Newsofthefirstkindpaysitsrewardsatonce.Areadercanenjoyanindirectexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.Newsofthesecondkind，however，paysitsrewardslater.Itsometimesrequiresthereadertotolerateunpleasantnessorannoyance—as，forexample，whenhereadsofthethreateningforeignsituation，themountingnationaldebt，risingtaxes，falling9\nmarket，scarcehousing，andcancer.Ithasakindof“threatvalue”．Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.Whenareaderselectsdelayedrewardnews，hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork.Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.Foranyindividual，ofcourse，theboundariesofthesetwoclassesarenotstable.Forexample，asociologistmayreadnewsofcrimeasasocialproblem，ratherthanforitsimmediatereward.Acoachmayreadasportsstoryforitsthreatvalue：hemayhavetoplaythatteamnextweek.Apoliticianmayreadanaccountofhislatestsuccessfulpublicmeeting，notforitsdelayedreward，butverymuchashiswifereadsanaccountofaparty.Inanygivenstoryofcorruptionordisaster，athoughtfulreadermayreceivenotonlytheimmediaterewardofindirectexperience，butalsothedelayedrewardofinformationandpreparedness.Therefore，whilethedivisionofcategoriesholdsingeneral，anindividual’stendencymaytransferanystoryfromonekindofreadingtoanother，ordividetheexperiencebetweenthetwokindsofreward.WhatNewsStoriesDoYouRead？Divisionofnewsstories·Peopleexpecttoget71.rewards/rewardedfromreadingnews.·Newsstoriesareroughlydividedintotwoclasses.·Somenewswillexcitetheirreadersinstantlywhileotherswon’t.72.Explanationsofthetwoclasses·Newsofimmediaterewardwillseeminglytaketheirreaderstotheveryfrighteningscenewithoutactual73.involvement.·Readerswillassociatethemselvescloselywithwhathappensinthenewsstoriesand74.sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved.·Newsofdelayedrewardwillmakereaderssuffer，orpresenta75.threattothem.·Newsofdelayedrewardwillinducethereaderto76.preparefortherealitywhilenewsofimmediaterewardwillleadthe9\nreaderto77.withdrawfromthereality.Unstableboundariesofthetwoclasses·Whatreadersexpectfromnewsstoriesarelargelyshapedbytheir78.profession(s)/intention.·Seriousreaderswillbothgetexcitedoverwhathappensinsomenewsstoriesand79.adaptthemselvestothereality.·Thus，thedivision，onthewhole,80.dependsonthereader.考场思维模式第一步：读表格，填出较简单的概括词汇题文章标题是“你读什么样的新闻故事？”，然后分三部分进行了分析。其中第72题是概括性词汇，根据其右表信息可知是“两类新闻故事的解释(说明)”，故第72题填Explanations。注意首字母要大写。第二步：定位、定词、定性、定形任务型阅读表格高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读表格内容，然后在原文中进行定位。定位后进行定词。定词后要定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1．原文词汇类75．根据原文第四段中的“Ithasakindof‘threatvalue.’”可知应填threat。77．根据原文第四段中的“Whenheselectsnewsoftheotherkind，heusuallywithdrawsfromtheworldofthreateningrealitytowardthedreamworld.”可得到暗示，应填withdraw。79．此句是对最后一段倒数第二句的转换。这可从第四段中的“hepullshimselfintotheworldofsurroundingrealitytowhichhecanadapthimselfonlybyhardwork”得到暗示，填adapt。2．转换词汇类71．原文reward出现了多次。第一段有areward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可数名词。此空只能填一个词，因此填rewards。另外reward也可用作动词，还可填rewarded，表示被动，意思是“获得奖赏”。73．根据表格内容可以将信息定位在原文第三段中的“Areadercanenjoyanindirect9\nexperiencewithoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved.”。其中关键信息是withoutanyofthedangersorstressesinvolved，关键词是involved。原文involved作后置定语，而此空前面是withoutactual，后面要填名词形式involvement。74．此题是将原文第三段中“Hecantremblewildlyatanaxe-murder，shakehisheadsympatheticallyandsafelyatahurricane，identifyhimselfwiththewinningteam，laughunderstandinglyatawarmlittlestoryofchildrenordogs.”信息转换成题目中的“sharesimilarfeelingswiththoseinvolved”。76．根据原文第四段中的“Itisreadsothatthereadermaybeinformedandprepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。80．最后一段主要讲了这两种分类不是一成不变的，也就是说这取决于读者，故填depends。3．概括词汇类78．文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的职业，或者说不同的划分取决于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。第三步：复查并将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认没有修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡规定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。转换词汇类是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。要求考生对已锁定的关键句进行知识重组，运用多种表达方式，考查考生是否具有遣词造句的能力。常见的转换词汇题可分为：词形转换、同义(反义)表达、句型转换等。1．词形转换词形转换题即用不同的方式表达文中的意义，由于表达的方法不同，被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同。有时所采用的词性会有所变化。如，动词与名词的转换、动词与动名词的转换、形容词与副词的转换、名词与形容词的转换等，有时还涉及短语搭配的考查。(1)Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlecommunicationwithothers.＝Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardlycommunicatewithothersorstay9\nalone.(2)It’salsoimportantforeverystudenttosethighacademicgoalssoastobeabletobuildagoodcareer.＝Studentswhowanttobuildagoodcareershouldattachimportancetosettinghighacademicgoals.2．同义(反义)表达同义(反义)表达是指用不同的词组表达同一个意思或是相反的意思。这主要考查考生灵活运用英语的能力。此项考查要求我们对同义/反义词(组)互换，单个动词与动词短语的互换，单个副词与短语的互换等。(1)Theuseoftheseresourcescannotgoonindefinitely—wewouldrunout.＝Thevastmajorityofresourcescan’tbereplacedandtheywouldbeusedup.(2)Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation，notloneliness，isalwaystherealcauseofincreaseddeathrate.＝Itwasstillunclear/vague/ambiguousthatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.(3)Youareexpectedtoknowthateverystepcountsandthatsettingupgoalsiseasy，butfollowingthemonaconsistentbasisisdifficult.＝Youshouldbeaware/consciousthatit’sdifficulttofollowyourgoalsconsistently.3．句型转换句型转换题指的是用不同的句式表达同一意思。有时是主动语态与被动语态的互换，有时是采用另外一种句式表达。答题时要抓住核心词汇，对这些词汇表达进行句式转换，一般为高中阶段常用句式。(1)Whensomethingisthrownaway，welosethenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimewhichhavebeenusedtomaketheproduct.＝Thenaturalresources，theenergyandthetimeusedtomaketheproductbecomelostwhensomethingisthrownaway.(2)Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie.＝Socialisolationmayincrease/raiseolderpeople’sriskofdeath.9\n(3)Settinggoalsforcompletingthedailyschedulehelpsanemployeetofinishtheassignedtasksandtargetsinatimelymanner.＝Bysettinggoals，anemployeecanincreaseoutputandperformanceinsteadofdelayingcompletinghisorhertasks.Marketershavemoreoptionsintoday’sincreasinglymultilingualsociety—avarietyofelectronicandprintmediacanaddressgroupsofconsumersindifferentlanguages.Variousfactorsinfluencethechoiceofmediaandlanguage.Insomecases，it’ssimplypracticaltoadvertiseintheconsumer’snativelanguage，particularlyifmanyoftheconsumersinthisgroupareprimarilymonolingual.Inothercases，byadvertisingon，say，aSpanishtelevisionchannelintheUS，anadvertisermayearntherespectoftheconsumerbyaddressinghiminhisnativelanguage，aswellasdeveloppositiveassociationswiththemediumanditsuniquecontent.Now，marketershaveanotherfactortoconsiderwhendecidingwheretoadvertiseandinwhatlanguage.Apaper.Dobilingualshavetwopersonalities?AspecialcaseofculturalframeswitchingpublishedbyresearchersattheUniversityofTexas，showsthatbilingualindividualsexhibitdifferentpersonalitycharacteristicswhenspeakingdifferentlanguages.LeadresearcherNairanRamirez-Esparza，testedindividualswhowerebilingualinEnglishandSpanishforvariouspersonalitytraits，andfoundthatthesubjectsansweredthequestionsdifferentlywhenaskedinEnglishandSpanish.Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchthatshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.Howcanmarketerstakeadvantageof“culturalframeswitching”？Itmaysoundchallengingwithoutspecificresearch，butatleastforSpanish，EnglishbilingualsintheUS，thereisnowsomeharddataonthelanguage-relatedpersonalityshift.Extrapolatingtootherlanguagecombinationsmaybepossible，too.SincetheSpanish/EnglishbilingualresultsseemtobeinagreementwithtestingofmonolingualSpanishandEnglishspeakers，language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmay9\nnotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingualcombinations.Rather，comparingknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverothercriteriaaffectingtheselectionofappropriatemediaandlanguagetoreachatargetmarket.Clearly，themajorconsiderationsofdemographics(人口统计资料)，perceptionofthemedium，languagefluency，etc.shouldremainmajorfactors.Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferencesoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.CulturalFrameSwitching：DifferentLanguage，DifferentPersonalityConceptofculturalframeswitchingCulturalframeswitchingreferstothephenomenonofshiftingfromoneculturalmindsettoanotherwhenpeopleare71.totheirnewculturalenvironment.ApplicationsofculturalframeswitchingCulturalframeswitchingisafactormarketersnowtakeinto72.toreachtargetcustomers.Personalityshiftprovestobe73.forSpanish/Englishbilinguals，whichmakesitnot74.todolanguage-specifictestingofbilingualsubjects.Lookingfortheknownpersonalitydifferencesbetweeneachlanguage/culturewouldgivemarketersabetter75.ofhowbilingualindividualswould76.intwodifferentcultures.FactsaboutIt’swrongtoputtoomuch77.onthefunctions9\nculturalframeswitchingofculturalframeswitching.Comparedwithothercriteria，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingsimplyplaysa(n)78.roleinmarketingsuccess.Providingthataproduct79.toacertainculturalpersonalitymore，thedifferenceisworthemploying.ConclusionTheeffectdifferentlanguageshaveonpersonalityis80.butnoticeable. 语篇解读 在当今日益多元化的社会中，营销人员有更多的选择。各种各样的电子和印刷媒体可以用不同的语言对话消费者群体，现在市场营销人员开始考虑文化框架转换的因素。71．答案 exposed解析 转换词汇题。根据第二段最后一句“Thenewworkbuiltonpastresearchshowedthevaluesofsubjectschangedwhentheyweresurroundedbystimulifromdifferentcultures.”可知，文化框架转换指的是当面临全新的环境时，人们从一种文化心态转向另一种文化心态的移位现象。beexposedto暴露于。72．答案 account/consideration解析 转换词汇题。根据第一段最后四句可知，现在市场人员开始考虑文化框架转换的因素。take...intoaccount/consideration是固定短语，意为“考虑到……”，故填account/consideration。73．答案 existent解析 概括词汇题。根据第二、三段的内容可知，性格转换这种现象是存在的。故填existent。74．答案 necessary/essential解析 原文词汇题。根据第三段中的“language-specifictestingofbilingualsubjectsmaynotbeessentialtogetanideaofwhatkindofculturalframeswitchingmightoccurinotherbilingual9\ncombinations”可知，双语科目的特定语言测试可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。75．答案 understanding/idea解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段最后一句“Rather，comparingknownpersonalitydifferencesforeachlanguage/culturewouldgiveanindicationofthedifferencesbilingualindividualswouldexhibit.”可知，比较每种语言/文化的已知个性差异可以对双语个体会表现出的差异给出提示。此处用近义词giveabetterunderstanding/idea来表示，故填understanding/idea。76．答案 behave解析 转换词汇题。参考上题解析。exhibit在这是“展览；显示；提出(证据等)”的意思，故填behave。77．答案 stress/emphasis解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段开头“Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketoover-emphasizethisphenomenonoverother...”可知，不应过分强调文化框架转换。putstress/emphasison意为“强调”，故填stress/emphasis。78．答案 minor/unimportant解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段中的“Besides，thelanguage-drivenculturalframeswitchingmaynotmakemuchdifferencetomanyproductsorservices.”可知，语言驱动的文化框架转换对很多产品影响不大。形容词修饰名词，故填minor/unimportant。79．答案 appeals解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段末句“Iftheproductdoesattractoneculturalpersonalitymore，though，itmaymakesensetoexploitthatdifferenceoftheotherdecisioncriteriaaremoreorlessequivalent.”可知，假如一个产品更吸引某种文化个性，那这种区别就值得采用。attract＝appealto，故填appeals。80．答案 slight解析 原文词汇题。根据最后一段“Theresearcherspointoutthatthedifferencesaren’tgreat.Evenifslight，though，thedifferencesarenoticeable.”可知，研究人员发现不同语言对个性的影响虽然轻微，但是这些不同是显而易见的。故填slight。9
