Unit2CloningⅠ.单元教学目标技能目标SkillGoals▲Talkaboutcloning▲Practiceexpressingandsupportinganopinion▲Usetheappositiveclause▲WriteacompositionaboutcloningⅡ.目标语言功能句式ExpressingandsupportinganopinionI’mhappytoaccept...but...Iwouldneveraccept...I’mnotbotheredabout...Idon’tmindbut...Ihopeyou’llcarryon...Areyousureyouwantto...?Iagreewithyouthat...Isitfairto...?Doyouthinkitiswiseto...?Ithinkyoushould...Welldonetoyoufor...Idon’tunderstandwhyyoudon’t...Ican’thelpthinking...Icouldneveragreeto...词汇四会词汇Differexacttwincommercialstraightforwardundertakebreakthroughprocedurecarriercastaltogetherarbitrarycorrectionobjectobjectionmediumobtainattainmoralconservativeforbidaccumulateconstitutioncompulsoryoperachorusloafflouroweshortlyretirebotherassumptionregulationstrikeinitialvainresistdrawbackmerelydecorationunablefeatherturkeyclawadorehatchreasonable2．词组castdown,objectto,themedia,infavourof，（be）boundto（do）...,fromtimetotime,bringbacktolife,payoff,invain结构Appositiveclause—that可引导同位语从句重点句子Itisawayof...P11Thefactisthat...P11Thequestionthatoccurred...P12Theadvantageisthat...P15Ⅲ.教材分析和教材重组1.教材分析本单元以Cloning为话题，旨在通过单元教学，使学生了解克隆技术的优缺点，学会表达和支持个人观点，能用所学的有关Cloning的词汇去表述自己对这一新技术的观点和看法。,1.1WarmingUp提供了四幅有关Dollythesheep(多莉羊)，Astrawberryplant(草莓植物)，Identicaldogs(克隆狗)，Twins（双胞胎婴儿）的图片，让学生用已有的知识和经验讨论对克隆技术的看法与观点。1.2Listening是关于人类克隆的听力材料，难度中等。1.3Speaking根据材料，四人小组合作，要求把自己对克隆婴儿的态度和感觉用相关的语言表达出来。语言要得体，锻炼语段表达能力。1.4Pre-reading是Reading的热身活动，它要求采用与同学讨论交流的方式谈论有关克隆的相关知识。1.5Reading是一篇介绍克隆技术的说明文。1.6Comprehending第一题所给出的表格让学生根据课文内容列举克隆技术的优缺点；第二题让学生根据所拥有的知识来评价作者的观点；第三题要求学生用自己的语言阐述对克隆技术的观点并给出理由。1.7LearningaboutLanguage分词汇和语法两部分，其中Discoveringusefulwordsandexpressions是根据语境在运用中掌握词汇。Discoveringusefulstructures是通过阅读和补全句子来练习。1.8UsingLanguage中的Reading，Discussingandwriting要求学生先读,然后再完成四个任务型的作业，即1.讨论并回答三个问题；2.讨论几种已经灭绝的动物，并且讨论哪种动物应该被恢复到这个世界上，并且给出理由；3.Listeningandspeaking让学生根据所听到的内容选择并列出文中人物观点。2．教材重组2.1从话题内容上分析，WarmingUp与Reading相一致，而从训练目的上分析WarmingUp与TALKING比较一致。从教材份量来说，可将WarmingUp和Reading整合在一起，设计成一节任务型“阅读课（一）（精读课）”。2.2将Listening和Workbook中的LISTENING整合在一起，设计成一节“听力课”。2.3将UsingLanguage与Workbook中的TALKING和SPEAKINGTASK结合在一起，设计成一节“口语课”。2.4将LearningaboutLanguage与Workbook中的USINGWORDSANDEXPRESSIONS整合在一起上一节“语法课”。2.5将Workbook中READINGTASK和PROJECT以及WRITINGTASK整合成一节“泛读与写作课”。3.课型设计与课时分配1stPeriodReading2ndPeriodListening3rdPeriodSpeaking4thPeriodGrammar5thPeriodExtensivereadingandwritingⅣ.分课时教案TheFirstPeriodReadingTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语clone,commercial,producer,undertake,arbitrary,object,forbid,accumulate,castdown,objectto,themedia,infavourofb.重点句子,Itisawayof...Thefactisthat...Thequestionthatoccurred...2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstodescribecloning:Whatistheadvantagesofcloning？Whatistheproblemsordangersofcloning？Whatisyouropinionofcloning？3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowtodescribecloning.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Howtodescribecloning.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Helpthestudentsanalyzethewritingtechniquesofthearticle.Teachingmethods教学方法Skimming,task-basedmethodanddebatemethod.Teachingaids教具准备Arecorder,aprojectorandsomeslides.Teachingprocedures&&ways教学过程与方式StepILead-inThistopicisdifficultforstudents.Soteachershouldhelpthestudentslearnmoreaboutit.Dothisinthewayofaskingandansweringquestions.T:Youcanimaginehowrapidlythemodernscienceandtechnologydevelop.Ithinkmostofyoumustknowsomethingaboutspacetraveling,submarineexploration,robot,maglevtrain,geneengineeringetc.Butinrecentyears,ahottopic,cloningisoftenmentioned,especiallywhenthecloningDollythesheepappeared.YoumayhavefirstheardofcloningwhenDollytheSheepshoweduponthescenein1997.CloningtechnologieshavebeenaroundformuchlongerthanDolly,though.Firstthingfirst,whatiscloningandaclone?Thedictionarysayscloningisthetechniqueofproducingageneticallyidenticalduplicateofanorganism.Acloneissaidtobealldescendantsderivedasexuallyfromasingleindividual,asbycuttings,bulbs,byfission,bymitosis,orbyparthenogenesisreproduction.Itsoundsverydifferentandcomplicatedtous.Infact,Imean,inourdailylife,thishappensoften.Forexample,gardenerstakecuttingsfromgrowingplantstomakenewones.Youoftenseethatyourmotherpicksasmallbranchfromagrowingplanttomakeanewone.Ifshelikesthiskindofflowers,shecandocloning.Cloningalsohappensinanimalsorhumanbeingswhentwinsidenticalinsexandappearanceareproducedfromthesameoriginalegg.Thefactisthatcloningplantsisstraightforwardbutthecloningofanimalsismorecomplicated.Thepossibilityofhumancloning,raisedwhenScottishscientistsatRoslinInstitutecreatedthemuch-celebratedsheep“Dolly”,arousedworldwideinterestandconcernbecauseofitsscientificandethicalimplications.Youcangiveyourquestionsifyouareinterestedinthistopic.Iamheretodayoneofthescientistswhoworkinthisfield.Iamreadytoansweranyofyourquestions.S:Nowweknowwhatiscloning.Aretheredifferenttypesofcloning?T:Whenthemediareportoncloninginthenews,theyareusuallytalkingaboutonlyonetypecalledreproductivecloning.Therearedifferenttypesofcloninghowever,andcloningtechnologiescanbeusedforotherpurposesbesidesproducingthegenetictwinofanotherorganism.Abasicunderstandingofthedifferenttypesofcloningiskeytotakinganinformed,stanceoncurrentpublicpolicyissuesandmakingthebestpossiblepersonaldecisions.Thefollowingthreetypesofcloningtechnologieswillbediscussed:(1)recombinantDNAtechnologyorDNAcloning,(2)reproductivecloning,and(3)therapeuticcloning.S:WasDollycreatedbywhatcloning?AndwhywasDollysoimportant?T:ReproductivecloningisatechnologyusedtogenerateananimalthathasthesamenuclearDNAasanothercurrentlyorpreviouslyexistinganimal.Dollywascreatedbyreproductivecloningtechnology.ShewasthefirstmammaltobeclonedfromadultDNAtakenfromanadultcell.Previously,animalshadonlybeenclonedusingembryocellswhichalreadyhavethepotentialtobecomeacompleteembryoinitsownright.ThebigbreakthroughwithDollywastomakeaclonefromanordinary,adultcell—inthiscasefromafemalegoat’sudder.S:HaveyouseenJurassicPark?Inthisfeaturefilm,scientistsuseDNApreservedfortensofmillionsofyearstoclonedinosaurs.Theyfindtrouble,however,whentheyrealizethattheclonedcreaturesaresmarterandfiercerthanexpected.Couldwereallyclonedinosaurs?T:Intheory?Yes.Whatwouldyouneedtodothis?Awell-preservedsourceofDNAfromtheextinctdinosaur,andacloselyrelatedspecies,currentlyliving,thatcouldserveasasurrogatemother.Inreality?Probablynot.It’snotlikelythatdinosaurDNAcouldsurviveundamagedforsuchalongtime.However,scientistshavetriedtoclonespeciesthatbecameextinctmorerecently,usingDNAfromwell-preservedtissuesamples.Morequestionsaboutcloningaregivenintheappendix.Theinformationaboveisforreferenceonly.Oryoucanchooseseveralstudentsandaskthemtoactoutashortplaywhosemaintopicisasfollows:Anoldmanwhowasdyingleftallhisfortunetohisownson.Buthedidnotknowthathissonwascloned.Sotwosameyoungmenbothclaimedthattheyweretheoldman’sson.Theyquarreledandfoughtwitheachother;atlasttheywenttothejudge.ThejudgeletthemcheckDNA.TheresultwasthattheirDNAwasthesame.Noweventhejudgedidnotknowwhattodo.Inthisparttheteachercangivethestudentssomeadvicetoactout.Accordingtothisplayteacheraskthestudentsseveralquestions:1.Doyouwanttobeclonedornot?Why?2.Ifyouarethejudgewhatwillyoudo?3.Canyoutellmetheadvantagesofcloning?4.Andwhatisthedisadvantage?DiscussionInthispartthestudentswilldiscusstherelationshipbetweenthedevelopmentoftechnologyandsocialcustoms.T:Asthetechnologydevelopsdaybyday,ithasamoreandmoreimportantinfluenceonthewholesociety.Technologyaffectssocialcustomsandethics,sometimestechnologymaygoagainsttheconventionalthinking,thencomestheproblemthatwhetherweshouldstopthedevelopmentofresearchorchangetheethics.S1:Astechnologydevelopsinalmosteveryfield,alotofouroriginalcustomsandethicschanged,eitherbecausetheyareoutoftimeornotsoscientific.Forexamplemillionsofyearsagohumanatemeatofanimalswithoutheatingthem.Laterpeopleusedfireandnolongeraterawmeatandtheyalsousedfiretoscaredangerousanimals.S2:Ithinkwecouldnotstopthedevelopmentoftechnology,foritmaydevelopinthewaywhichisacceptablebysocialcustoms.…,LookatpicturesT:Lookatthepicturesanddiscusswhichonesarenaturalclonesandwhichonesareman-made.Thenexplainhowtheydiffer.S:IthinkthetwinsarenaturalclonesandtheDollysheepisman-made.T:Youareright!Canyouexplainhowtheydiffer?S:Thetwinswerebornatthesametime,buttheDollysheepisman-made.T:Anythingelse?Whowanthaveatry?S:Ithinktheidenticaldogisman-made.T:Goodjob!StepⅡPre-readingBeforeclass,askthestudentstosearchforsomeinformationaboutthistopic.Nowshowyourquestionsonthescreen,andthenletthemdiscusswitheachother.T:Nowpleaseworkinpairsanddiscussaboutcloning.Thenlistthequestionsyouwanttofindout.Shareyourlistwithyourpartner.Ss:Yes,sir/madam.Questionsaboutcloning:1.Whatisaclone?2.Howisacloneproduced?3.Whatbenefitscanhumansgainfromcloning?4.Whatproblemsmayarisewhenhumansarecloned?5.Shouldweclonehuman?6.Couldcloningreplacesexasthemeansofcreatingnewhumanlife?7.Couldaparentcloneachildwhoisdyingofaterminalillness?Afterafewminutes.T:Doyouhaveotherquestions?Volunteer!S:Ihave!Whatisthewriter’sopinion?T:Goodjob!Ithinkmanyofyouhavequestions,nowletusreadthearticlewiththequestions.Suggestanswers:1.Itisawayofmakinganexactcopyofanotheranimalandplant.2.Thishappensinplantswhengardenerstakecuttingsfromgrowingplantstomakenewones,andwhensmallpartsofaplantaretakenandgowninalaboratory.Italsohappensinanimalswhentwinsidenticalinsexandappearanceareproducedfromthesameoriginalegg.3.Itcanhelpcurediseaseandcanhelpcoupleswhohavenobabytobearanewbaby.4.TheremaybemorebadpeoplelikeHitler.5.Inmyopinion,Idonotagree,foritmaycausemanymoralproblems.6.No.Becauseclonedhumanhasthesamequalityastherealhuman,naturalbornbaby’squalityishigherthanhisparents.7.No.Theclonedbabyalsohasthedisease.StepⅢWhile-readingGetthestudentstocomprehendthepassagequicklyandaccuratelyandmeanwhilehelpthestudentsformagoodhabitofreading.T:Haveyougottheanswersofyourquestions?Nowpleaseskimthepassagefasttoobtainageneralunderstandingofthewholepassage.Whilereading,dividethewholepassageinto,severalpartsandfindoutthemainideaofeachpart.Showthefollowing.Para.1Cloningisawayofmakinganexactcopyofanotheranimalandplant.Para.2Cloninghastwomajoruses.Para.3TheproblemsofDolly.Para.4TheeffectofDolly.Para.5Itisforbiddentoclonehumanbeing.StepⅣPost-readingAskthestudentstoreadthepassageagaintofinishthreetasks.T:Nowlet’slistentothetape.Whilelistening,paymoreattentiontothecorrectpronunciationandtone.Thenreadthetextbyyourselvestogettheanswerstothethreetasks.Youcanworkingroups.T:First,whataretheproblemsordangersofcloning?S:Letmehaveatry!First,theclonedanimalshavethesameillnessoftheoldanimalsandthesamegoeswiththeotherspecies.Second,theclonedanimalshaveshortlifeandcancausemoralquestions.T:Youareright!Andwhataretheadvantagesofcloning?S:Iknow!Firstly,gardenersuseitallthetimetoproducecommercialquantitiesofplants.Secondly,itisvaluableforresearchonnewplantspeciesandformedicalresearchonanimals.Thirdly,itsuddenlyopenseveryone’seyestothepossibilityofusingcloningtocureseriousillnesses,andevenproducinghumanbeings.T:Whatisthewriter’sopinion?Whatdoyouthinkisthewriter’spointofviewinthisreadingpassage?Isitinfavourofcloningoragainstit?S1:Ithinkthewriterisinfavourofit,becausetherearemanyadvantagesofcloning.Itcanhelppeoplesolvemanyproblemsinourdailylife.S2:Ithinkthewriterdoesn’tagreewithit,becauseifthecloningtechnologycanbeusedinanevilway,itcancausemuchtroubletooursociety.T:Thenextquestion:Whatisyouropinionofcloning?Givethereasons.S1:Asacoinhastwosides,everythinghastwoaspects.First,ifthecloningisusedinacorrectwayitcanbringmanyconveniencestous.Suchas:curingseriousillnessesandbeingusedtoproducecommercialqualitiesofplants.Ontheotherhand,ifthecloningisusedinanevilwayitcancausemuchtroubles:suchasmoralquestions.S2:Myviewoncloningandnucleartransferisthatitisethical.SoactuallyIfindnoreasontoclonepresently.Ihavethisopinioncurrently,becausescientistsareunabletosuccessfullycloneusingnucleartransferasoftoday.S3:Ialsohaveaproblemwiththepossibleeffectsofusingnucleartransferonalargescale.ThisisbecauseIfearthatcloningcouldgreatlyreducegeneticdiversity.Ibelieveifweweretointerferewiththegeneticdiversityofanentirepopulationwewouldundoubtedlyfail.S4:AsyoucanseeIbelievecloningusingnucleartransfershouldnotbeusedonhumansforanyreason.Ithinkifweweretousecloningitshouldbecloselymonitoredastowhatdangersareinvolvedinhavingcopiesofpeople.Ialsothinkthistechnologyshouldnotbeuseduntilsuccess.S5:Iagreethatweshoulddevelopcloning.I’mnotafraidofcloningHitlersorexcitedtocloneEinsteins.IwouldsaythetimeandtheenvironmentproducedHitler,nothisDNA.SoyoudonotneedDNAfromHitlertoproduceaHitler.Infact,thereareNazisalreadypresent.We,shouldmakeuseofcloningtobenefitfuturegenerations.Youcanimaginethathowhappythepeopleareiftheycanrecoverfromtheseriousillnessorgetbackthesonwhohasjustlosthislifeinanaccidentbycloning.T:Goodjob!Yes,ifweourhumanbeingsusethescientifictechnologyproperlyitcanbringmanyadvantagestous!S:WhydidDolly’sappearanceraiseastormofobjectionsandhaveagreatimpactonthemediaandpublicimagination?T:Becausenothingreallypreparedtheworldforthe1997announcementthatagroupofScottishscientistshadcreatedaclonedsheepnamedDolly.Manyfolksbelievethatwithinthenextdecade,wewillhearamoreshockingannouncementofthefirstclonedhuman.ScientistsinSouthKoreahavealreadycreatedhumanembryonicstemcellsthroughcloning.Untilnow,theideaofhumancloninghasonlybeenpossiblethroughmoviemagic,butthenaturalprogressionofscienceismakinghumancloningatruepossibility.We’veclonedsheep,miceandcows,sowhynothumans?Somecountrieshavesetuplawsbanningcloning,butitisstilllegalinmanycountries.Imagineusingapieceofyourgreat-grandmother’sDNAtocreateacloneofher.Inasense,youcouldbetheparentofyourgreat-grandmother.Thisopensthedoortomanyethicalproblems,butit’sadoorthatcouldsoonbeopened.S:Sowhathappensnext?T:Whateverthereasons,thenewcloningtechnologieshavesparkedmanyethicaldebatesamongscientists,politiciansandthegeneralpublic.Severalgovernmentshaveconsideredorenactedlegislationtoslowdown,limitorbancloningexperimentsoutright.Itisclearthatcloningwillbeapartofourlivesinthefuture,butthecourseofthistechnologyhasyettobedetermined.Cloningcouldcausebirthdefects,butit’snotgoingtochangesociety.Intheabsenceofanylegislationorregulation,cloningattemptswillquietlycontinue.Eventually,cloningwillsucceed(ifithasn’thappenedalready),andhumankindwillhavetakenanotherstepdowntheroadofbiologicalengineering.Youyoungstudentsarethefutureoftheworld.Youshouldstudyhardtoday,andyouwillbeabletofacethisdifficultproblemandknowhowtodealwithit.ExplanationStepⅤHomeworkAskthestudentstodothefollowing.1.Completetheexercisesonpage13.2.Recitethekeysentencesinthetext.3.WhatisClone?Youmightnotbelieveit,buttherearehumanclonesamongusrightnow.Haveyoueverwishedyoucouldhaveacloneofyourselftodohomeworkwhileyouhittheskateparkorwentoutwithyourfriends?Imagineifyoucouldreallydothat.Wherewouldyoustart?TheSecondPeriodListeningTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.词汇和短语cloning,attitude,medicine,organsb.重点句子Iagreewith...Howwouldyoudo...?,Doyouthink...?2.Abilitygoals能力目标Letthestudentsfocusonthedifferentattitudetowardscloningtechnology.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Teachthestudentshowtogetthespecificinformation.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Listentothematerialsaboutcloningandchoosethecorrectanswers.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Worktogetherwithpartnersandshowtheirownopinions.Teachingmethods教学方法Listeningandcooperativelearning.Teachingaids教具准备Ataperecorder.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepIRevision1.Greetings2.RevisionStepⅡPre-listeningWorkingroupstodiscusshowweshouldbehavetowardsthehumanclones.T:Beforehumanclonesbecomepartofourlife,perhapsweshouldspendsometimethinkingabouthowweshouldbehavetowardsthem.Now,workingroupstodiscussthefollowingquestions.Showthefollowing.1.Howwouldyoutreathumanclones?2.Doyouthinktheyshouldhavelegalandpoliticalrights,suchasgettingmarriedorvoting?3.Doyouthinktheyareseparatepeopleorpartoftheoriginaldonor?Sampleanswers:1.Iwilltreatthemasnormalpeople.2.Yes,Ithinktheyshouldhavethelegalandpoliticalrights.3.Ithinktheyareseparatepeople.StepⅢListeningThestudentsareaskedtoreadfastthequestionsandmultipleanswerstofindoutthelisteningpointsfirst,andthenlistentothetapetwicetochoosethebestanswer.T:Pleaseopenyourbooksatpage54.Beforeyoulistentothetape,pleasereadfastthequestionsandmultipleanswerstofindoutthelisteningpoints.Paymoreattentiontotheseimportantpointswhilelistening.Whilelistening,you’dbettermakenotesofthelisteningpoints.Afewminuteslater.T:Now,I’llplaythetapetwice.Pleaselistencarefullyandpaymoreattentiontotheimportantpoints.Youmaymakenoteswhilelistening.Notestakingarehelpfulforyoutoremembereachoftheimportantpoints.Afterlisteningtwice,checktheanswersandexplainsomedifficultlisteningpointsifnecessary.,StepⅣListeningtask(P57)(时间不足时改为作业)First,askthestudentstoreadthesesentencesandthenlistentothetapeanddecideiftheyarefactsoropinions.T:Nowturntopage57,there’re10questions.Youshouldformthehabitofgoingthroughthequestionsandtheanswerstogettheimportantlisteningpoints.Yes?Andmakenotesifnecessary.OK?Playtherecordingandthenchecktheanswerswiththeclass.Sampleanswers:Argumentsforcloningpets:1.Favoritepetscanliveforeverasclones.2.Itismoraltoclonepetsfortheirowners.Argumentsagainstcloningpets:1.Manypeopledon’tagreewithcloning.2.Somepeoplethinkthatcloningpetsisselfish.StepⅤHomeworkT:Boysandgirls,todaywehavelistenedtosomematerialsaboutcloning.Idohopeyoucanlistentothematerialsagainafterclasssothatyoucangetveryfamiliarwiththem.Besides,pleasepreviewthereading.Nowclassisover.Goodbye,everyone.Ss:Goodbye,sir/madam.TheThirdPeriodSpeakingTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语theme，fighting，conflict，argument，destruction，inone’sopinionb.交际用语ExpressingandsupportinganopinionIwouldneveraccept...I’mnotbotheredabout...Idon’tmindbut...Ihopeyou’llcarryon...Areyousureyouwantto...?Iagreewithyouthat...Doyouthinkitiswiseto...?Ithinkyoushould...Welldonetoyoufor...Ican’thelpthinking...Icouldneveragreeto...2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstoexpresstheiropinionsaboutcloningusingsomeusefulexpressions.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowtoexpresstheiropinions.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Learntousethestructuresofexpressingandsupportinganopinion.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Howtogiveaspeech.,Teachingmethods教学方法Cooperativelearning.Teachingaids教具准备Acomputer&aprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠLead-inT:Goodmorning/afternoon,boysandgirls!Ss:MorningMr...T:Lastclasswehavetalkedaboutclone,weallknowitisnotadream.Noweveryone,ifIgiveyouachancetoclonewhatwillyourestorethen?S:Edison,dinosaurs,Japanesewolf,Einstein.T:DoyouwanttocloneHitler?S:No.Hitlerisadangerousperson.T:Ifsometerroristsmasterthisclonemethod,theymaybringdisasters.Allyourchoicesareexcellent.Todaywewilllearnanotherpassageaboutcloning,fromwhichwewillknowwhetherwecanbringdinosaursbacktolife.Askthestudentstogothroughsomefactsofcloning.T:Fromthesefactsweknowhumanbeingshaveachievedgreatprogressincloning.Nowreadthetextcarefullytogettheanswersforthesequestions:whatanimalshavepeoplecloned?S:Frogs,mice,cows,sheep,bisons,cats,anddogs.T:Goodjob.Answerthequestion:Whatarethecommoncharacteristicsoftheseanimals?Ss:Theyarenowadaysanimals.T:Yeah,IthinkyoumusthaveseenthefilmJurassicPark,inwhichascientistclonesseveraldifferentkindsofextinctdinosaurs.Canwereallyclonedinosaursnow?Letthestudentsturntopage15andthenreadthetextquickly.Severalminuteslater.S:Wecannotclonedinosaurs,becauseit’sdifficultforustogetitsDNA.T:Goodjob.It’sonlyadream.Dinosaursdisappeared65,000,000yearsago.Sothechanceofdinosaurseverreturningtotheearthismerelyadream.StepⅡReadandanswer(P16)Toanswerthesethreequestions,teachercangivethestudentssomeexamplesasexplanation,forexample,Question1.T:Nowthinkaboutthisquestion:ifintheworldthereisonlyonesheepandhumanbeingswanttoclonemore.SomedayslateraDollyappears,thenmanymore.Butonedayallsheepgetthesamedeadlydisease.Nowpleasethinkaboutwhattheresultsare. S:Maybetheywouldalldie.T:Why?S:Becauseallsheephavethesamearrangementofgenes.T:Right.NowcanyouanswerQuestion1?Whyshouldn’tyoucloneanextinctanimalunlessthereisenoughdiversityinthegroup?S:Itisuselesstocloneananimalifthereisnotenoughdiversityinthegroupforittoovercomeillnesses.T:Whyisitwrongtocloneanextinctanimalifitwouldhavetoliveinazoo?,S:Iftheclonedanimalshavetoliveinthezoo,itisunfairtothem.Theyneedfreedom.T.Whycan’tyouclonetheDNAofanimalsthathavebeenextinctlongerthan10,000years?S:Dinosaursdisappeared65,000,000yeasago.Sothechanceofdinosaursreturningtotheearthismerelyadream.StepⅢDiscussion(Question2)Thisisaspeakingtask.Askthestudentstohaveadiscussioningroups,organizetheirwordsproperly,andgivevividdescriptionofthechosenanimals.T:Nowlookatthetableonpage16,discussinpairswhichextinctanimalsdescribedareworthrestoringbymeansofcloning.Chooseoneanimalandusetheinformationtohelpyouarguewhythisanimalshouldberestoredtotheearth.Givethestudentssixminutestodiscuss.S1:IthinkGreatAukisawonder.Becauseitisaverylargebirdthatcannotfly.Theusefulthingaboutitisthatitsfeatherdoesn’tabsorbwater.Ithinkifwewearclothesmadeofitsfeather,wewillnotworryaboutrain.S2:Iagreewithyou.ButIamhappytoacceptDodobirdbecauseitisfriendlyandnotharmful.Ilikegentleanimals.Itcanalsolaylargeeggsanditsmeatistasty,butIdon’tthinkIwilleatitsmeat.…T:FromyouranswersIthinktheseanimalsareallusefulandtheyallshouldberestoredtotheearth.Atthesametime,weshouldtryourbesttoprotectthem.Doyouagreewithme?S:Yes.StepⅣWritingareport(P17)DealwithQuestionsthreeandfour.Dividethewholeclassintofourgroups.Thentheycanhaveacompetition.T:Noweveryone,imagineallofyouareownersofyourchosenanimal.Nowworktogether,andgiveusavividdescriptionofyourpet,thenIwilldecidewhichoneisthebesttoberesortedtotheearth.Severalminuteslater,thestudentsgiveperformances.Atthesametime,listsomemajorpointsontheblackboard.T:Welldoneeveryone.Itisreallyhardformetochoose,letusvoteOK?StepⅤTALKING(P55)Askthestudentstotalkaboutthequestionswiththeteacher’shelp.T:Lookatthequestionsonpage54.Doyouknowhowtoshowyouropinion?Youcandiscussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartnerandusetheseexpressionsonpage54.1.Howwouldyoufeelabouthavingacloneofyourselfinthefamily?2.Whatproblemsdidyouhavegrowingupandhowcanyouhelphim/heravoidthem.StepⅥHomeworkT:Writedownyourfeelingsandattitudestowardsclone.Combinethemintoacomposition.Sampleversion1:Inmyopinionitiswrongtoclonehumanbeings.Ifmyparentsdecidetohaveaclonemadeofme,IwillfeelverysadandIwillneveracceptthecloneasamemberofmyfamilyorasmyfriendbecauseIthinkitisunfairtonaturalthings.Weareallsonsofnature,birthordeathisanaturalthing.Thedayweborn,itdestined,weareindependent.Nobodyhastherighttochangeourselves.IfonedayIweretobeclonedtoanotherperson,hewouldkillme,becauseIlostsomeoriginalcharacters.Ihopeweshouldrespecthumanbeings,andnotchangeanyoriginalthings.Sampleversion2:Ithinkthecloningrepresentstheprogressofthemankind.Butitstillhasmanyproblemstoworkout,thelaw,theethicandespeciallythegoalsandpurposesforcloning.However,weareactuallydoingmuchofthisresearchfortheimprovementoflifeforhumans.Weshouldgetbenefitfromcloning.InChina,thegovernmenthasputoutwrittenpolicyonhumancloning.Ithasofficiallybannedresearchonhumancloningforreproductionpurposes,butallowscloningonembryonicstemcellsandremedialcloning.Asweallknown,everythingcan’tbeperfect.Weshouldtreatthecloningwithcorrectattitudes.Weshouldknowtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofcloning.TheFourthPeriodGrammarTeachinggoals教学目标1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇和短语bother,regulation,resist,unable,argument,reasonable,obtain,beboundto,fromtimetotime,bringbacktolife,payoffb.重点句子AltogetherDollylivedforsixyears,halfthelengthofthelifeoftheoriginalsheep.Thefactthatsheseemedtodevelopnormallywasveryencouraging.2.Abilitygoals能力目标Enablethestudentstolearnthemodalverbsmust,haveto,havegotto.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowtousethemodalverbsmust,haveto,havegotto.Teachingimportantpoints教学重点Theuseofthemodalverbsmust,haveto,havegotto.Teachingdifficultpoints教学难点Howtoteachthestudentstomastertheusageofthemodalverbsmust,haveto,havegotto.Teachingmethods教学方法Studyindependentlyandpractice.Teachingaids教具准备Aprojectorandablackboard.Teachingprocedures&ways过程与方式StepⅠRevisionCheckthestudents’homework.T:Lastclasswetalkedsomethingaboutcloning.Now,whocanshowyouropinion?S:Letmehaveatry.Inmyopinionitiswrongtoclonehumanbeings.Ifmyparentsdecidedtohaveaclonemadeofme,IwouldfeelverysadandIwouldneveracceptthecloneasamemberofthefamilyorasmyfriend.T:Goodjob!StepⅡGrammarT:Doyouknowtheappositiveclauses?Pleasepickoutthreemoreexamplesfromthereading,passage.Sampleanswers:Thefactisthattheyarenaturalclonesofeachother.Thewholescientificwouldfollowtheprogressofthefirstsuccessfulclone,Dollythesheep.AltogetherDollylivedforsixyears,halfthelengthofthelifeoftheoriginalsheep.T:Nowletmeexplainsomethingabouttheappositiveclauses.Theappositiveclauseisaclauseusedasanappositive.Theclauseisanexplanationtothenounbefore.Theappositiveclausebelongstonounclauses.Mostoftheappositiveclausesmaybeintroducedbytheconjunctionthat.Acontentclauseisfrequentlyinappositionwithsuchnounsasfact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,hope,belief,suggestionetc.Someexamples:Nobodysharesmybeliefthathewasmad.Mysuggestionthathewasmadwasnotaccepted.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinionthatallmatterconsistsofatoms.WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome?Wehaven’tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation.Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewruleshouldbeadopted.T:Thewordsthefactareofteninsertedinfrontofanobjectclausewhentheclausecannotbeconvenientlyconnectedwiththeverbeitherdirectlyorbymeansoftherepresentativeit.Thiscannothidethefactthatheisgrowingold.Wemustfacethefactthatwearelivinginarevolutionaryworld.Somesupplements:同位语从句与that引导的定语从句1)从先行词看同位语从句与名次之间在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的关系。该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。例如：Theyweredelightedatthenewsthattheirteamhadwon.Thenewswasthattheirteamhadwon.2)从引导词来看引导词that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词，that不可省略；that在定语从句中是关系代词，它在从句中充当一定成分--主语或宾语，有具体词义，作宾语时还可以省略。Thefactory(that)wevisitedyesterdayisachemicalone.ThenewsthathewillleaveforShanghaiistrue.3)同位语从句的简易判断方法同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上是“主语+be+表语”的同位语关系。所以，可以在名词从句之间加系动词be，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑，句子通顺，则原句为同位语从句；定语从句是不能够用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。Thebeliefthattheearthisflatisstillheldinsomecountries.Thebeliefisthattheearthisflat.能用于名词性从句的名词有：ability,patience,anxiety,answer,order,report,wish,decision,suggestion,belief,doubt,fact,hope,message,news,promise,question,reply等等。学好同位语从句关键应注意下列几点：一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质。在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that,whether等词引导，常放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information等名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系。,例：Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析：theyhadwonthegame说明Thenews的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句。1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。例：Thegeneralgavetheorderthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析：thesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce是theorder的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。例：We’lldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析：thesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime意义不完整，应加“是否”的含义才能表达theproblem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用when,where,how等词引导同位语从句。例1：Ihavenoideawhenhewillbeback.析：hewillbeback意义不完整，应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2：Ihavenoimpressionhowhewenthome,perhapsbybike.析：hewenthome意义不完整，应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限。同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中充当任何成分；定语从句对名词加以限制，是名词内容的修饰性定语，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。例1Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.(2001上海)A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as析：答案为B。moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中充当任何成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：Itissaidthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities，thisistheinformation____hasbeenputforward.A.whatB.thatC.whenD.as析：答案为B。thathasbeenputforward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。例2Sheheardaterriblenoise,____broughtherheartintohermouth.(MET91)A.itB.whichC.thisD.that析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为aterriblenoise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于：Ican’tstandtheterriblenoise____sheiscryingloudly.A.itB.whichC.hisD.that析：答案为D。sheiscryingloudly是theterriblenoise的内容，且theterriblenoise不在从句中充当任何成分，所以该句为同位语从句。巩固性练习：,1.Thefact____sheworkshardiswellknowntousall.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.Thefact____hewassuccessfulproveshisability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.Thenews____hewaskidnappedsurprisedusgreatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.when4.Hissuggestion____themeetingbedelayedwasturneddown.A.whichB.thatC./Dit5.Ihavenoidea____hewillstart.A.whenB.thatC.whatD./6.I’vecomefromthegovernmentwithamessage____themeetingwon’tbeheldtomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.which7.Thethought____hemightfailintheexamworriedhim.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that8.Theorder____theprisonerbesetfreearrivedtoolate.A.whichB.whetherC.thatD.what9.Thenursesaretryingtheirbesttoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.asC.ofwhichD.which10.Heoftenaskedmethequestion____theworkwasworthdoing.A.whetherB.whereC.thatD.whenKey:1-5AABBA6-10BDCAAStepIIIHomeworkFinishtheworkonpages55-57.TheFifthPeriodExtensivereadingandwritingTeachinggoals教学目标Integratingskillsandwriting.1.Targetlanguage目标语言a.重点词汇debate,issue,competition,incharge,topic,argument,replyto,summarize,profitable,donate,existence,embryo,justified,transfer,ethically.b.重点句子Isuggestthatmedicalcloningisveryimportantofcuringseriousillnessesthatatpresenthavenocure.Iwouldliketosuggestthatmedicalcloningisnotassimpleasissueasmycolleagueclaims.2.Abilitygoals能力目标Activatethestudentstoshowtheiropinionsaboutthecloning.Enablethestudentstowriteanarticleonthisdebate.3.Learningabilitygoals学能目标Helpthestudentslearnhowtoorganizeadebateandhowtowriteashortcompositionofthedebate.Teachingimportantanddifficultpoints教学重难点Howtoorganizethedebatingmaterials.Howtowriteashortcompositionofthedebate.,Howtowriteareport.Teachingmethods教学方法Task-basedteachingmethod.Teachingaids教学准备Acomputerandaprojector.Teachingprocedures&ways教学过程与方式StepⅠRevisionCheckthehomeworkandaskthestudentstospeakouttheiropinionaboutthemedicalcloning.StepⅡReadingtaskT:Homeworkcheckisover.Pleaseturntopage58.Todaywewillmakeadebate.Tobeginwith,Iwanttoaskyouwhatyouropinionaboutdebateis,haveyouseenanyTVdebates?S:Yeah,wehaveseencollegestudents’debateonTV.S2:Iknowinadebatethereisonechairpersonsome-timestwo,fourmemberseachgroup,twoleadingdebaters.T:Youareright.Doyouwanttoknowmoredetailsaboutadebate?S:Yeah.Askthestudentstoreadthedebaterules.T:OK.Stopreading.Herearesomequestionsforyou.Question1:Whatisthedefinitionofdebate?Ss:Adebateisanactivityinwhichstudentscandiscusstwosidesofanissue.Thereisachairpersontochargeit.T:Question2:Tellmetheprocessofadebateinyourownwords.S:Theleadingdebaterwhosupportsthetopicspeaksfirst,thenanotheronewhodisagreeswiththetopicspeaks,thenotherpeopletaketurnstogiveafreediscussion.Towardstheendofthedebate,thelastspeakerofeachsidewillsummarizetheargumentsthathavebeenmadetosupporttheirpointofview.T:Excellent,thanksforyouranswer.Inourtextbookthereisanexampleofdebate,readthetopiccarefullyanddiscussthequestionswithyourpartner.AndIwilldivideyouintotwoteams.Onesideagreeswiththemedicalcloningandtheothersideisagainstthemedicalcloning.Thenshowthequestions.Givestudents6minutestopreparetheiranswers.TeamA:1.What’stheirargument?2.Tworeasonsformedicalcloning.3.Doyouagreewiththem?Why?TeamB:1.What’stheirargument?2.Tworeasonsagainstmedicalcloning.3.Doyouagreewiththem?Why?Sampleanswers:TeamA:Q1:Theysupporttheideathatthereshouldbemedicalcloning.Q2:a.Thereisnodangerofthebodyrefusingtoacceptthenewcalls.b.Patientscanbetreatedimmediately.Q3.Yes,Iagreewiththem.Becausethemedicalcloningcanhelpourhumanbeingstocuremanydiseases.Withthehelpofthecloningtechniques,peoplecanberestoredto,perfecthealthandbeabletoliveagoodlife.No,Idisagreewiththem.Ithinkallanimalsincludinghumanbeingsarenaturalthingsontheearth.Weshouldnotdamagethisnaturalrule.TeamB:Q1.Theydisagreethatthereshouldbemedicalcloning.Q2.a.Itbringsmanyethicalproblems.b.Manyscientistsarealsoworriedabouttheefficiencyofthesystem.Q3.Yes,Iagreewiththem.Becausethemedicalcloningbringsmanyseriousproblemstoourhumanbeings.Wemustbeverycautiousaboutcloninguntiltheseproblemsaresolved.No,Idisagreewiththem.Becauseallofuswanttoleadameaningfullife.Weshouldtryourbesttorealizeourdream.StepⅢSpeakingtaskT:Justnow,welearnedhowtoorganizeadebate,nowit’sourturntocontinuethedebate.Thetopicofourdebateis“shouldweclone?”Nowchoosetheteamyouagreewith.Dividethewholeclassintofourgroups,twoagreeandtwodisagree.T:Tobeginthisdebate,Iwillgiveyousomeinformationaboutclone.Youcanchoosewhatyouneed.Duringthespeech,youcanmakenotessothatyoudonotforgetwhatyouwanttosay.Inourdebatethepersonwhospeakslastmustsummarizeyourideas.Herearesometipsforyou.Showthefollowing.Centeronthesubjectofthedebate.Organizemainideasthatsupportyourpointofview.Listyourownideas.Makeaconclusion.AskthestudentstoreadthefollowinginformationShowthefollowing.Whyshouldweusecloning?Thegoalsandpurposesforcloningrangefrommakingcopiesofthosethathavedeceasedtobetterengineeringtheoffspringinhumansandanimals.Cloningcouldalsodirectlyofferameansofcuringdiseasesoratechniquethatcouldextendmeanstoacquiringnewdataforthesciencesofembryologyandhoworganismsdevelopasawholeovertime.Currently,theagriculturalindustrydemandsnucleartransfertoproducebetterlivestock.Cloningcouldmassivelyimprovetheagriculturalindustryasthetechniqueofnucleartransferimproves.Thegoaloftransgeniclivestockistoproducelivestockwithidealcharacteristicsfortheagriculturalindustryandtobeabletomanufacturebiologicalproductssuchasproteinsforhumans.Researcherscanharvestandgrowadultcellsinlargeamountscomparedtoembryos.Scientistscanthengeneticallyalterthesecellsandfindwhichonesdidtransformandthencloneonlythosecells.Scientistsalsopondertheideaofcloningendangeredspeciestoincreasetheirpopulation.Thepossibilitiesareendless.However,weareactuallydoingmuchofthisresearchfortheimprovementoflifeforhumans.Scientistsforeseethecloningofpigsthatwillproduceorgansthatwillnotberejectedbyhumans.Cloningalsoprovidesbetterresearchcapabilitiesforfindingcurestomanydiseases.Therearealsopossibilitiesthatnucleartransfercouldprovidebenefitstothosewhowouldlikechildren.Forinstance,coupleswhoareinfertile,orhavegeneticdisorders,couldusecloningtoproduceachild.Equallyimportant,womenwhoare,singlecouldhaveachildusingcloninginsteadofin-vitrofertilizationorartificialinsemination.Cloningcouldalsoprovideacopyofachildforacouplewhosechildhaddied.Whyshouldwenotusecloning?Thebiggestproblemwiththeuseofcloningonalargescaleisthedeclineingeneticdiversity.Thinkaboutit,ifeveryonehasthesamegeneticmaterial,whathappensifwelosetheabilitytoclone.Wewouldhavetoresorttonaturalreproduction,causingustoinbreed,whichwillcausemanyproblems.Also,ifapopulationoforganismshasthesamegeneticinformation,thenthediseasewouldwipeouttheentirepopulation.Helpingendangeredspeciesbycloningwillnothelptheproblem.Currently,zoologistsandenvironmentaliststryingtosaveendangeredspeciesarenotsomuchhavingtroublekeepingpopulationnumbersup,butnothavinganyanimalstobreedthatarenotcousins.Thetechniqueofnucleartransferisalsoearlyinitsdevelopmentalstages.Thus,errorsareoccurringwhenscientistscarryouttheprocedure.Forinstance,ittook277triestoproduceDolly,andRoslinscientistsproducedmanylambswithabnormalities.Ifwetriedtocloneendangeredspecieswecouldpossiblykillthelastfemalesintegraltothesurvivalofaspecies.Thismaybethemainreasonscienceisholdingoutoncloninghumans.Otherargumentsforcloningincludeifwearetakingnatureintoourownhandsbycloninganimalsorpeople.Peoplequestionwhenwewilldrawthelineforgettinginvolvedinnaturalevents.Religiousorganizationsconsidernucleartransfertocausementobereproductivelyobsolete.Thisclaimwasdeducedbygatheringoftheinformationthatcloningrequiresonlyoocytes,anycell,andawomantodevelopin.Theyalsoclaimthatcloningdoesnotrespectthefactthathumanshavesouls.Theyalsoconsidercloningunnatural,andsaywearetakingtheworkofGodintoourownhands.Thereisalsoadebateastothemoralrightsofclones.Somesaytheirrightswillbedefiedbecauseclonesarenotgrantedthebirthofnewness.Wewouldnotreceivecloneswithsuchexcitementasachildofacouplewhoconceivednaturally.Ifnaturalreproductionweretooccur,geneticvariationwouldoccur.Theysaycloningwoulddepriveapersonofuniqueness.Theyarguethatidenticaltwinsarenotuniquefromeachother,butthattheyarenewingeneticvariationanduniquefromanythingthatcamebeforethem.Peoplealsowonderwhatmentalandemotionalproblemswouldresultifaclonewastofindoutthatheorshewascloned.Thengivestudents10minutestoprepare,everyonefindstheirrolesinthedebate.Asachairperson,theteacherisinchargeofthedebate.Askthestudentstodoasfollows:Firstleadingspeakergivesanargument.Thenothersgivespeechfreely.Lastthefourthspeakergivesasummary.Chairperson:Fromourdebate,wereallycanlearnmuch.Allofyouhaveperformedwell.Whethercanweclone?Thisisalongtermargument.Tome,ifpeoplecanusethismethodproperly,it’sreallyuseful,butifweuseitinotherways,itcanbringusdisaster.Samplenotes:argumentsforcloning1)Cloningwillbebeneficialtohumans.Forexample,ifacouplecan’thavechildren,cloningcouldhelpgivethemachild;2)wecouldusecloningtocureillnesses.argumentsagainstcloning1)healthrisksfrommutationofgenes;2)emotionalrisks;,3)riskofabuseofthetechnology;4)againstnature;5)clonedanimalsgetillanddiequiteyoung;6)peopleareafraidofthatscientistswillcreatethousandsofcopiesofthesameperson;7)Cloningisdangerousbecausescientistsmycreatemonstersbymistake.Samplespeech1:Thetopicofmyspeechis:Cloningshouldbebanned.IfIhadthepower,Iwouldbancloningforseveralreasons.Firstly,itisagainstnatureanddangerous.Anylivingthingshavelifeanddeathrecycleperiods,whichpromotetheevolutionoflife.Thecloningtechniqueisextremelyriskyrightnow.Anabnormalbabywouldbeanightmarecometrue.Andpeopleareworriedaboutthepossibilitythatthegeneticmaterialusedfromtheadultwillcontinuetoagesothatthegenesinanewbornbabyclonecouldbe30yearsoldormoreonthedayofbirth.Alsomonstersmaybecreatedbymistake.Accordingtoasurvey,29Europeancountriesdonotpermitmedicalcloning.Secondly,peopleareafraidofthatscientistswillcreatethousandsofcopiesofthesameperson.Therearepowerfulleadersineverygenerationwhowillseektoabusethistechnologyfortheirownpurposes.Goingaheadwithcloningtechnologymakesthisfarmorelikely.WhatwouldhappenifHitlerwascloned?Thatwouldmeanmoreseveredisastersanddestructionuponhumancivilization.Thirdly,cloningwillresultinhighemotionalrisks.Justthink:achildgrowsupknowinghermotherishersister,hergrandmotherishermother.Herfatherisherbrother-in-law.Everytimehermotherlooksathersheisseeingherselfgrowingup.Thefamilyenvironmentandrelationshipwillbetotallydifferent.Whatkindofpressureswillthechildfeel?Allinall,IwoulddeterminedlybancloningifIhadthepower.Samplespeech2:Thetopicofmyspeechis:CloningshouldbeencouragedAsformyself,Iwouldencouragecloning.Thereareseveralreasons.Firstly,cloningwillbebeneficialtohumans.Forexample,ifacouplecan’thavechildren,cloningcouldhelpgivethemachild.Secondly,wecouldusecloningtocureillnesses.Forexample,ifthereissomethingwrongwithsomepartofahumanbody,wecouldcloneahealthyonetoreplaceit.Foranother,ifachildisseriouslyillordisabled,wecouldcloneanotherone.Accordingtoasurvey,67%ofover1,000peoplewantmedicalcloningtocontinueinAmerica.AndinBritainandChinamedicalcloninghasbeenallowed.Thirdly,clonetechnologycouldbeusedinotherways.Forexample,wecansavetheendangeredanimalsbycloning.Inaword,cloningtechnologyhasapromisingfuture.IwouldencourageitifIhadenoughpower.StepⅣWritingT:Imaginethatyouarethereporteronalocalnewspaperandyouhavebeenaskedtowriteanarticleonthisdebate.Todothisyoumustmentionbothsidesoftheargument.Remembertomakealargemainheadingandthenasmallheadingbelowit.Writearound250words.Organizeyourwritinginthisway:Paragraph1:thetopicofthedebateandwhowon,Paragraph2:theideasofthewinningsideParagraph3:theideasoftheothersideParagraph4:conclusionandyourreactiontothedebate,togetherwithanyideayoufeeltheyleftoutAsampleversion:ShouldMedicalCloningbeAllowedAdebatebetweenBeijingNormalUniversityandNanjingUniversityInDecember26th2005,thereisadebatebetweenBeijingNormalUniversityandNanjingUniversity.Thetwoteamsbegantheirargumentaboutthecloningtechniques.Thetopicofthiscompotationis:Shouldmedicalcloningbeallowed?Afterthefiercedebate,BeijingNormalUniversity—thepositivesidewinthiscompotation.Theviewofthepositivesideis:thereshouldbemedicalcloning.Theviewofthenegativesideis:thereshouldnotbemedicalcloning.Thisdebateisverysuccessful.Asthecoinhastwosides,everytechnologycanbringtheadvantagestooursociety,andalsocanbringthenegativeeffectstoourhumanbeings.Sowhenwejudgeanewtechnologygoodornotgood,weshouldlookatwhethertherearemoreadvantagesthanitsdisadvantagesornot.Ifweuseitinaproperwayitcanbenefitourhumanbeingsalot.StepⅤHomeworkT:Nowyou’veknownhowtomakeadebate.Whydon’tyouarrangeonewithyourclassmates?Choosewhichevertopicinterestsyoubutmakesurethatitispopulartopic.Organizeitasyouhavebeenshowninthisunit.Enjoytheargumentandletthebettersidewin!Teachercangivethestudentssomeissuestoinfer:Shouldstudentsusephonesinschools?Shouldstudentswearschoolclothes?Shouldsenior3studentshavePEclass?Protectourselvesfirstorsaveothersfirst?Savemoneyorpre-consume?Shouldstudentshaveextra-classduringtheirholiday?附件I.Readingcomprehension:Hello,Dolly!Britishscientistshavedonesomethingthatmanypeoplethoughtwasimpossible:theycreatedthefirstcloneofanadultmammal.Theclone,namedDolly,isaseven-month-oldsheep,grownfromacellofanadultfemalesheep.Whatisaclone?Acloneisacopy,ageneticcopy.Genesaretheinstructionsforlife.Theytellacellwhattodoandhowtodoit.Genesmakeeachindividualplantoranimaldifferentandunique.Butaclonehasthesamegenesastheoriginalorganism.Cloningisnotnew.Plantshavebeenclonedforcenturies.Newplantsareoftengrownfromcuttingsfromanotherplant.Also,plantslikepineapples,strawberriesandcarnationsaresometimescloned.Onebenefitofcloningisthatwecanmakemanycopiesofthebestandhealthiestplants.Ithasbeenmuchmoredifficulttocloneanimals.Frogshavebeencloned,buttheydiedastadpoles,neverlivinglongenoughtobecomeadultfrogs.Mice,sheepandcattlehavebeen,clonedfromembryos.ButDollyisthefirsthealthycloneofanadultmammal.Howdidtheydoit?(1)Anunfertilizedeggwastakenfromasheep.(2)Theeggnucleuswasremoved.(3)Acellwastakenfromtheudderofapregnantsheep.Itwas“starved”,sothatitstoppedgrowing.(4)Thetwocellswerecombinedintooneandthenimplantedinathirdsheep,whereitgrewnormally.(5)Theclonewasborn.Itwasgeneticallyidenticaltothepregnantsheepinstep(3).Thissoundsmucheasierthanitactuallywas.Toendupwithoneclone,thescientistsstartedwith277uddercells.Andtheyneededinawaytomaketheeggcellacceptanewnucleus.Theydidthatbystarvingthecellinstep(3).Itmaysoonbepossibletoclonemanytypesofanimals.Willwealsobeabletoclonehumanorgans,orevenwholehumanbeings?Wehaveonlybeguntothinkaboutthemoralityofcloningtechnology.Maybethequestiontoaskisnotwhetherwecanclonehumans,butinstead,shouldweclonehumans?1.Dollyisasheepbecausesheisgrownfromacellofanadultfemalesheep_____.A.thathasnotherfatherB.thathasnothermotherC.thathasnoparentsD.thathasnotanytail2.TellwhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE.A.Onlyplantscanbecloned.B.Onlystrawberriesandcarnationscansometimesbecloned.C.Animalsandplantshavequitealonghistoryofcloning.D.Genescantellacellwhattodoandhowtodoitduringcloning.3.Fromthefourthparagraphwecanknowthat_____.A.atadpoleistheearlystageofagrown-upfrogB.atadpoleisafrogwithoutatailC.atadpoleisapoolwherefrogscanliveD.atadpoleisacloneofanadultmammal4.WhatistherightorderintheprocessofthecloneofDolly?a.Takinganunfertilizedeggfromanadultfemalesheep.b.Removingtheegg’snucleus.c.Combiningthetwocellsintooneandthenimplantingitinathirdsheep.d.Takingacellfromtheudderofapregnantsheep.A.abcdB.cabdC.abdcD.dcba答案与分析本文是科普时文阅读。全文讲述了克隆羊多莉的出生过程。1.C从文章中可以看出，多莉是从一只成年羊的细胞中克隆出来的，所以它根本没有父母，而是那只羊的一个翻版。A项“它没有父亲”、B项"它没有母亲"说得太片面，D项“它没有尾巴”不符合题意。2.D题意为“下面哪句话是对的”，D项“基因在克隆过程中可以告诉细胞做什么及如何去做”，文中第二,段正是说的这个意思。第三段指植物可以克隆，第四段指动物也可以克隆，所以选项A“只有植物可以克隆”不正确。从文中第三段可知菠萝也是可以克隆的，所以B项“只有草莓和康乃馨有时可以克隆”不正确。第三段中指植物已有几个世纪的克隆历史，而没有提到动物的克隆历史，所以与C项“动、植物都有一个相当长的克隆历史”与题意不符。3.A文中第四段第二句中说：人们曾经克隆过青蛙，但在蝌蚪阶段就死了，并没有活到成年青蛙阶段，所以我们可以判断，蝌蚪是青蛙的早期形态，故A项“蝌蚪是成年青蛙的早期形态”正确。B项“蝌蚪是没有尾巴的青蛙”、C项“蝌蚪是青蛙生存的池塘”、D项“蝌蚪是成年哺乳动物的克隆体”与实际不符。4.C题意为“克隆多莉的正确顺序是什么”，从文中第四段后半部分的内容可知，正确顺序应是C项中所说的。Ⅱ.AboutCloningQuiteafewpeoplemighttakeanegativeattitudetowardscloning.Theyarguethatcloningwillarousealotofmoralandethicalproblemsandthatsomepeoplewouldusethetechniquetodevelopcrime(Howwillyoufeeltofaceayoungerbutidenticaltwinofyouyourself?).Allthattheyworryaboutaretrue.Butaseverycoinhastwosides,cloningisnoexception.Eventhefatheroftheworld’sfirstcloneDollyisnotforcloning.Buthesimplygoesagainstcloningpeople.Butwhatiscloneanyway?UptonowDollyistheonlycloneintheworld.Shewascreatednotoutofthenaturalwaytheunionofaspermandaneggthatwearefamiliarwith,butoutofthegeneticmaterialfromanuddercellofasix-year-oldsheep.TheembryologistWilmutfusedtheuddercellwithaneggfromanothersheep,afterfirstremovingallgeneticmaterialfromtheegg.Theuddercell’sgenestookupresidenceintheegganddirectedittogrowanddevelopandanidenticaltwinoftheoriginalsheep,Dollywasresulted.Andthatishowacloneisborn.Ascloningisnolongerasciencefiction,andwiththebirthofDolly,thewholeworldbeginstofocusonthesehightechnologyandthatgenerateasevereargumentmentionedatthebeginningofthearticle.Isitthatfrighteningwhenspeakingofcloning?Theanswerisyes.I’mnotdenyingthatclonehascertaindisadvantages.Actuallycloneisadouble-edgesword,wehavetoadmit.Butwecanmakethebestofitsbrightside.Willyouadmiretherose’sbeautyasyouusedtowhenyoudiscoveritsthorn?Weallknowthatitisjustbecausetherapiddevelopmentofeconomythathasledtothepollutedenvironmentandthereforebringsalotofdiseasesandmanyananimal’sdyingout.Canwejuststopmodernizingbecauseofthis?Theanswersarecertainlyno.Suchisthecaseascloning.Wecangainalotfromitifusedproperly.Wecancloneorganspatientsneedbadlytohelpreducetheirpainandevensavetheirlivesbecausetheyaretheperfectmatch.Wecanalsomakeanextinctcreationbacktolivewhennecessary.Thelistgoesonandon.Therearenevergoingbesufficientreasonsthatweshouldstopdoingresearchonthefieldofcloning.Instead,thefutureofcloningisprosperous.Sincetheharmcannotbeavoided,atleastwecantrytoputittotheleast.Butitturnsouttobethegovernment’sduty.Inaddition,theclonetechniquehasnotgrownmatureyet.Whattroublesusnowisreallyhowtomaketheprogramasuccessfulone.Takeasecondthought,andyoumightbeforcloningtoo.Ⅲ.QuestionsaboutCloning1.Whyclone?Researchadvancesoverthepastdecadewhichhavetoldusthat,withalittlework,wehumanscanclonejustaboutanythingwewant,fromfrogstomonkeysandprobablyeven,ourselves!So,wecanclonethings,butwhywouldwewantto?Let’slookatsomeofthereasonspeoplegivetojustifycloning.A.CloningformedicalpurposesOfallthereasons,cloningformedicalpurposeshasthemostpotentialtobenefitlargenumbersofpeople.Howmightcloningbeusedinmedicine?a.CloninganimalmodelsofdiseaseMuchofwhatresearcherslearnabouthumandiseasecomesfromstudyinganimalmodelssuchasmice.Often,animalmodelsaregeneticallyengineeredtocarrydisease-causingmutationsintheirgenes.Creatingthesetransgenicanimalsisatime-intensiveprocessthatrequirestrial-and-errorandseveralgenerationsofbreeding.Cloningtechnologiesmightreducethetimeneededtomakeatransgenicanimalmodel,andtheresultwouldbeapopulationofgeneticallyidenticalanimalsforstudy.b.CloningstemcellsforresearchStemcellsarethebody’sbuildingblocks,responsiblefordeveloping,maintainingandrepairingthebodythroughoutlife.Asaresult,theymightbeusedtorepairdamagedordiseasedorgansandtissues.Researchersarecurrentlylookingtowardcloningasawaytocreategeneticallydefinedhumanstemcellsforresearchandmedicalpurposes.c.“Pharming”fordrugproductionFarmanimalssuchascows,sheepandgoatsarecurrentlybeinggeneticallyengineeredtoproducedrugsorproteinsthatareusefulinmedicine.Justlikecreatinganimalmodelsofdisease,cloningmightbeafasterwaytoproducelargeherdsofgeneticallyengineeredanimals.B.RevivingendangeredorextinctspeciesHaveyouseenJurassicPark?Inthisfeaturefilm,scientistsuseDNApreservedfortensofmillionsofyearstoclonedinosaurs.Theyfindtrouble,however,whentheyrealizethattheclonedcreaturesaresmarterandfiercerthanexpected.Couldwereallyclonedinosaurs?Intheory?Yes.Whatwouldyouneedtodothis?Awell-preservedsourceofDNAfromtheextinctdinosaurandacloselyrelatedspecies,currentlyliving,thatcouldserveasasurrogatemother.Inreality?Probablynot.It’snotlikelythatdinosaurDNAcouldsurviveundamagedforsuchalongtime.However,scientistshavetriedtoclonespeciesthatbecameextinctmorerecently,usingDNAfromwell-preservedtissuesamples.C.ReproducingadeceasedpetNojoke!Ifyoureallywantedto,andifyouhadenoughmoney,youcouldcloneyourbelovedfamilycat.AtleastonebiotechnologycompanyintheUnitedStatesofferscatcloningservicesfortheprivilegedandbereaved,andtheyarenowworkingtoclonedogs.Butdon’tassumethatyourclonedkittywillbeexactlythesameastheoneyouknowandlove.Themainreasontocloneplantsoranimalsistomassproduceorganismswithdesiredqualities,suchasaprize-winningorchidorageneticallyengineeredanimal—forinstance,sheephavebeenengineeredtoproducehumaninsulin.Ifyouhadtorelyonsexualreproduction(breeding)alonetomassproducetheseanimals,andthenyouwouldruntheriskofbreedingoutthedesiredtraitsbecausesexualreproductionreshufflesthegeneticdeckofcards.Otherreasonsforcloningmightincludereplacinglostordeceasedfamilypetsandrepopulatingendangeredorevenextinctspecies.Whateverthereasons,thenewcloningtechnologieshavesparkedmanyethicaldebatesamongscientists,politiciansandthegeneral,public.Severalgovernmentshaveconsideredorenactedlegislationtoslowdown,limitorbancloningexperimentsoutright.Itisclearthatcloningwillbeapartofourlivesinthefuture,butthecourseofthistechnologyhasyettobedetermined.2.Howareclonescreated?ThemostcommonprocesstakesDNAfromonecellandputsinahollowed-outegg.ChemicalsandelectricityarethenusedtoencouragethenewDNAtofusewiththeegganddevelopintoanembryo.Thistechniqueiscallednucleartransfer.3.Areclonesnormal,healthyanimals?Dollyis,butscientistsdonotyetknowwhetherthisistheexceptionortherule.Someearlyevidencesuggeststhatclonesmayhavehealthproblemsandthattheymayageprematurely.4.Couldahumanclonebebornsoon?Intheory,yes.ThetechniquesusedtocreateDollycouldbeappliedtohumans.Butthetechnologyofreproductivecloningisstillinitsveryearlystagesandthereismuchthatscientistsdonotunderstand.Ittookmorethan200attemptstomakeDolly.Theotherembryosfailedtoimplantinthesurrogatemotherorweremiscarried.Evenifaclonemakesittobirth,atpresentithasaverylowchanceofsurvivingintoadultlife.5.Hasanyonesaidtheywillmakelivehumanclones?Anumberofpeoplehave,includingChicagophysicistDrRichardSeed.However,fewexpertsbelievethatthesepeoplehavetheskillstosucceed.6.Arethereanybenefitsfromcloning?Yes.Thetechniquesusedhavealreadydemonstratedbenefits.Polly,anothersheepcloneattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburghhashadahumangeneinsertedsothatitproducesabloodclottingagentneededbyhaemophiliacsinitsmilk.Cloningofhumancellsinalaboratorycouldofferperfectly-matchedtissueforsurgicalorgeneticrepairofhumans.7.Wheredoesthelawstandonlivehumanclones?IntheUK,humancloningisalreadybanned(禁止)bylaw.PresidentBillClintonhasproposedbanningresearchintoproducinghumanclonesintheUSforfiveyears.Somemeasureshavealsobeenmadetoestablishinternationalagreementsbanninglivehumanclones.8.Whatanimalshavebeencloned?Scientistshavebeencloninganimalsformanyyears.In1952,thefirstanimal,atadpole,wascloned.BeforethecreationofDolly,thefirstmammalclonedfromthecellofanadultanimal,cloneswerecreatedfromembryoniccells.SinceDolly,researchershaveclonedanumberoflargeandsmallanimalsincludingsheep,goats,cows,mice,pigs,cats,rabbits,andagaur.Allthesecloneswerecreatedusingnucleartransfertechnology.Hundredsofclonedanimalsexisttoday,butthenumberofdifferentspeciesislimited.Attemptsatcloningcertainspeciessuchasmonkeys,chickens,horses,anddogs,havebeenunsuccessful.Somespeciesmaybemoreresistanttosomaticcellnucleartransferthanothers.Theprocessofstrippingthenucleusfromaneggcellandreplacingitwiththenucleusofadonorcellisatraumaticone,andimprovementsincloningtechnologiesmaybeneededbeforemanyspeciescanbeclonedsuccessfully.,9.Canorgansbeclonedforuseintransplants?Scientistshopethatonedaytherapeuticcloningcanbeusedtogeneratetissuesandorgansfortrans-plants.Todothis,DNAwouldbeextractedfromthepersoninneedofatransplantandinsertedintoanenucleatedegg.Aftertheeggcontainingthepatient’sDNAstartstodivide,embryonicstemcellsthatcanbetransformedintoanytypeoftissuewouldbeharvested.Thestemcellswouldbeusedtogenerateanorganortissuethatisageneticmatchtotherecipient.Intheory,theclonedorgancouldthenbetransplantedintothepatientwithouttheriskoftissuerejection.Iforganscouldbegeneratedfromclonedhumanembryos,theneedfororgandonationcouldbesignificantlyreduced.Manychallengesmustbeovercomebefore“clonedorgan”transplantsbecomereality.Moreeffectivetechnologiesforcreatinghumanembryos,harvestingstemcells,andproducingorgansfromstemcellswouldhavetobedeveloped.Thescientiststhenharvestedfetaltissuefromtheclonesandtransplanteditintothedonorcow.Inthethreemonthsofobservationfollowingthetransplant,nosignofimmunerejectionwasobservedinthetransplantrecipient.Moreresearchisneededtostudythetransplantationoforgansfrom“knock-out”pigsootheranimals.10.Whataretherisksofcloning?Reproductivecloningisexpensiveandhighlyinefficient.Morethan90%ofcloningattemptsfailtoproduceviableoffspring.Morethan100nucleartransferprocedurescouldberequiredtoproduceoneviableclone.Inadditiontolowsuccessrates,clonedanimalstendtohavemorecompromisedimmunefunctionandhigherratesofinfection,tumorgrowth,andotherdisorders.Japanesestudieshaveshownthatclonedmiceliveinpoorhealthanddieearly.Aboutathirdoftheclonedcalvesbornalivehavediedyoung,andmanyofthemwereabnormallylarge.Manyclonedanimalshavenotlivedlongenoughtogenerategooddataabouthowclonesage.Appearinghealthyatayoungageunfortunatelyisnotagoodindicatoroflongtermsurvival.Cloneshavebeenknowntodiemysteriously.Forexample,Australia’sfirstclonedsheepappearedhealthyandenergeticonthedayshedied,andtheresultsfromherautopsyfailedtodetermineacauseofdeath.Problemsalsomayresultfromprogrammingerrorsinthegeneticmaterialfromadonorcell.11.Shouldhumansbecloned?Thisisaserioustopic.Ireadareport(Reuters,UnitedNations,October8,2004)aboutthehumancloning.Agroupofscientists,doctorsandlegalexpertsaskedtheUnitedNationsonWednesdaytoseekanadvisoryopinionfromtheWorldCourtdeclaringhumancloningtobea“crimeagainsthumanity.”PhysiciansfromtheAmericanMedicalAssociationandscientistswiththeAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciencehaveissuedformalpublicstatementsadvisingagainsthumanreproductivecloning.Currently,theU.S.Congressisconsideringthepassageoflegislationthatcouldbanhumancloning.InChina,theChineseGovernmenthasofficiallybannedresearchonhumancloningforprocreationpurposes,butallowedremedialcloning.12.Whatbenefitscanhumansgainfromcloning?Researchadvancesoverthepastdecadehavetoldusthat,withalittlework,wehumanscanclonejustaboutanythingwewant,fromfrogstomonkeysandprobablyevenourselves!So,wecanclonethings,butwhywouldwewantto?Let’slookatsomeofthereasonspeoplegivetojustifycloning.1.Cloningformedicalpurposes2.Revivingendangeredorextinctspecies,3.Reproducingadeceasedpet.Ofallthereasons,cloningformedicalpurposeshasthemostpotentialtobenefitlargenumbersofpeople.13.Howmightcloningbeusedinmedicine?Muchofwhatresearcherslearnabouthumandiseasecomesfromstudyinganimalmodelssuchasmice.Cloningtechnologiesmightreducethetimeneededtomakeatransgenicanimalmodel,andtheresultwouldbeapopulationofgeneticallyidenticalanimalsforstudy.Researchersarecurrentlylookingtowardcloningasawaytocreategeneticallydefinedhumanstemcellsforresearchandmedicalpurposes.Farmanimalssuchascows,sheepandgoatsarecurrentlybeinggeneticallyengineeredtoproducedrugsorproteinsthatareusefulinmedicine.Justlikecreatinganimalmodelsofdisease,cloningmightbeafasterwaytoproducelargeherdsofgeneticallyengineeredanimals.14.Couldhumansbeclonednow?Unquestionably,yes.Sincethefirstclonedsheep,Dolly,surprisedtheworldbackin1997,thecloningofanimalshasbecomealmostroutine.Companieshavebeenabletochurnoutclonedcows,goats,andothercritters,someofthemgeneticallyengineeredtomakevaluablepharmaceuticalproducts.“Withcows,ithasbeenveryeasytodo,”saysPrincetonbiologyprofessorLeeSilver.Humanbiologyisevenbetterunderstoodthanthatofcows,sothecloningofpeopleisprettymuchinevitable.Indeed,theactualprocedureisonlyasmallstepbeyondwhat’salreadyroutinelydoneintesttubebabyclinics.
