语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：Wearenotready.我们没准备好。Whatafinedayitis!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Openthedoor,please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:IfIwereyou,IshouldstudyEnglish.如果我是你，我就学英语了。Mayyousucceed!祝您成功！二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgotothepark.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如:Ifhehadseenyouyesterday,hewouldhaveaskedyouaboutit.如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:从句主句与现在事实相反动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来事实相反动词过去式，should+动词原形，wereto+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形注:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称。l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifmybrotherwerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice，youwouldn't(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Ishould(would，could，might)gotoseemygrandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。Ifitweretosnowthisevening,theywouldnotgoout.-7-\n如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:Ifyouhadlistenedtothedoctor,youwouldbeallrightnow.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如:Shouldhecome(Ifheshouldcome),tellhimtoringmeup.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。WereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.我要是你，就不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如:Withoutair(Iftherewerenotair),therewouldbenolivingthings.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。Butforyourhelp(Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp)Icouldn’thavedoneit.要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:Iwasbusythatday.OtherwiseIwouldhavegonetherewiththem.(IfIhadn’tbeenbusythatday,Iwouldhavegonetherewiththem.)我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；Iwouldhavefinishedthework,butIhavebeenill.(IfIhadn’tbeenill,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.)我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如:Youcouldhavewashedyourclothesyourself.你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"Ifyouhadwantedto")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:Ifmygrandmotherwerewithme!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；Ifonlyshehadnotleft!如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)三、虚拟语气的其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"Itisimportant(strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:Itisimportantthateverymember(should)informhimselfoftheserules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如:Iwish(wished)Ihadn’tspentsomuchmoney.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；-7-\n3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:Iwishitwouldstopraining.但愿雨能停止；Iwishyouwouldcomesoon.但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如:Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.我要求他立刻答复我。3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonethisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。(2)由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。(3)在inorderthat或sothat引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could或might（有时也用should）+动词原形”。如:Mrgreenspokeslowlysothathisstudentscould(might)hearclearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"Itistime(that)…"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如:It’s(high)timewedidourhomework.我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.你最好别太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如:Iwouldrathernottellyou.我宁愿不告诉你。(3)用“may+动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：Mayyoubehappy!祝你快乐！Maygoodluckbeyours.祝你顺利。-7-\n练习、虚拟语气1.IfI____wherehelived,I____anotetohim.A.knew,wouldB.hadknown,wouldhavesentC.know,wouldsendD.knew,wouldhavesent2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected,they____herenow.A.hadstarted,wouldbeB.started,mightbeC.hadstarted,wouldhavebeenD.willstart,mighthavebeen3.Ididn’tknowhistelephonenumber.____it,I____then.A.HadIknown,wouldringhimupB.ShouldIknow,wouldhaverunghimupC.IfIknew;wouldringhimupD.HadIknown;wouldhaverunghimup4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____,she____absentfromschool.A.werenotill;wouldn'tbeB.hadbeenill;wouldn'thavebeenC.hadbeenill;shouldhavebeenD.hadn'tbeenill;couldbe5.WereItodoit,I________itsomeotherway.A.willdoB.woulddoC.wouldhavedoneD.weretodo6.I________himtheanswer________possible,butIwassobusythen.A.couldtell;ifithadbeenB.musthavetold;wereitC.shouldhavetold;haditbeenD.shouldhavetold;shoulditbe7.Withoutyourhelp,we________somuch.A.won'tachieveB.didn'tachieveC.don'tachieveD.wouldn'thaveachieved8.Youdidn'ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice,you________suchamistake.A.Hadyoutaken;wouldn'thavemadeB.Ifyouhadtaken;wouldmakeC.Wereyoulotake;shouldnthavemadeD.Haveyoutaken;wonthavemade9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.A.didB.couldhavedoneC.havedoneD.shoulddo10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.A.wentB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.weregoing11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup.A.couldB.shouldC.wouldD.wereableto12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation.A.couldB.mustC.shouldD.might13.Heasksthathe________anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.A.isgivenB.mustgiveC.shouldgiveD.begiven14.DoyouthinkofWangFang'ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty?A.willinviteB.haveinvitedC.isinvitedD.-7-\ninvite15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce.A.begoneB.goC.wouldgoD.mightgo16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall.A.hadn'tstolenB.shouldn'tstealC.doesn'tstealD.steal17.Itisquitenaturalthatmycominglateagain________themveryangry.A.hadmadeB.wouldmakeC.makesD.make18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.won'tknow19.ReaditaloudsothatI________youclearly.A.mayhearB.willhearC.hearD.haveheard20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theyfirsttrain.A.caughtB.willcatchC.mightcatchD.shallcatch21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday.A.couldbuyB.shouldbuyC.shouldhaveboughtD.bought23.Itishightimewe________home.A.willgoB.wouldgoC.havegoneD.went24.I'dratherthatyou________home.A.wentB.havegoneC.willgoD.hadgone25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture!A.listenB.willlistenC.amlisteningD.hadlistened26.----Ifhe_____,he______thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken27.Ididn'tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome28.Withoutelectricity,humanlife________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.-7-\nwouldbe29.He________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive30.Ifcitynoises_______fromincreasing,people_______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto31.Mike'sfather,aswellashismother,insistedthathe________home.A.stayedB.couldstayC.hasstayedD.stay32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall.A.haddoneB.havedoneC.didD.so33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.A.hassheknownB.hadsheknownC'.ifsheknowD.ifshehasknown34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney,what________?A.willyoubuyB.wouldyoubuyC.wouldyouhaveboughtD.willyouhavebought35.Ifyou________thatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn'tbesosleepy.A.didn'tseeB.haven'tseenC.wouldn’thaveseenD.hadn’tseen36.Ourmonitorrequestedthat________.A.alltheclassstudiedmorecarefullytheproblemB.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudiedC.withgreatcaretheproblemcouldbestudiedD.alltheclassstudytheproblemmorecarefully37.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible?----Yes,butI________.busydoingmyhomework..A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe38.Histiredfacesuggestedthathe________reallytiredafterthelongwalk.A.hadbeenB.wasC.beD.shouldbe39.Itisimportantthatwe________.A.shallclosethewindowbeforeweleaveB.willclosethewindowbeforeweleaveC.mustclosethewindowbeforeweleaveD.closethewindowbeforeweleave40.Ididn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseI______him.-7-\nA.hadtelephonedB.wouldtelephoneC.wouldhavetelephonedD.telephone语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气1~5BADAB6~10CDABC11~15CCDDB16~20ADAAC21~25DCDAD26~30BDDAA31~35DABBD36~40DABDC-7-
