昆明市2022高考英语（阅读理解）一轮训练题（1）及答案Bonus（奖金）culturehasbecomethesubjectofmanystudiesnowadays.Manypeoplehavebeenangeredbythewaysomebankersandhighofficialsseemtohavebeenrewardedforfailure.Othersfindtheideaofofferingmany-million-dollarbonusesmorallydisgusting.Butfewhaveaskedwhetherperformance-relatedbonusesreallydoimproveperformance.Theanswerseemssoobviousthateventoaskthequestioncanappearridiculous.Indeed,inspiteofallthecomplaintsaboutthem,financialencouragementscontinuetobeintroducedinmoreandmoreareas,fromhealthcareandpublicservicestoteachinganduniversities.Soitmaycomeasashocktomanytolearnthatpayingforresultscanactuallymakepeopleperformbadlyinmanycircumstances,andthatthemoreyoupay,theworsetheyperform.Nooneisarguingthatbonusescanhelpcompaniesandinstitutionsattractandkeepthebeststaff.Nordoesanyoneargueagainsttheideathatyoucanencouragepeopletodospecifictasksbylinkingpaymentstothosetasks.Rather,thepointisabouthowtogetthebestoutofpeople.Doemployeesreallyperformbetterifyoupromisetopaythemmoreforgettingresults?Therearesomeobviousreasonswhysuchpaymentscanfail.Ithasbeenargued,forinstance,thatcashbonusescontributedtothefinancialcrash,becausetradershadlittleenthusiasmtomakesurethattheircompaniesenjoyedlong-termsurvival.Mostbonusprojectsarepoorlydesigned,saysProfessorMalcolmHiggs.Hethinksthereasonisthatorganisationstrytokeepbonusarrangementssimple.Nevertheless,hethinksbonusprojectscanworkaslongastheylinktheinterestsofindividualemployeeswiththelong-termgoalsofabusiness.Bonusescanalsoencouragecheating.“Onceyoustartmakingpeople’srewardsdependentonoutcomesratherthanbehaviours,theevidenceispeoplewilldowhatevertheycantogetthoseoutcomes,”saysProfessorEdwardDeci.“Inmanycasesthehighofficialssimplyliedandcheatedtomakethestock(股票)pricegoupsothey-8-\ngothugebonuses.”ButtheworkofDeciandotherssuggeststheproblemwithbonusesrunsfardeeperthanpoordesignorcheating.In1971,heaskedstudentstosolvepuzzles,withsomereceivingcashprizesfordoingwellandothersgettingnothing.Decifoundthoseofferedcashwerelesslikelytokeepworkingonpuzzlesaftertheyhaddoneenoughtogetpaid.Thesestudiessuggestthatofferingrewardscanstoppeopledoingthingsforthepurejoyofit.ThiswasthebasisforaseriesofbooksbyKohninwhichhearguesthatrewardingchildren,studentsandworkerswithgrades,scholarshipsandother“bribes”(贿赂)leadstolow-qualityworkinthelongrun.Thosewhobelieveinthepowerofbonusesfailtodistinguishbetweeninnerdriveandoutsidepressure—wantingtodosomethingbecauseyoulikeitforitselfincontrasttodoingsomethingbecauseyouwantthereward,Kohnsays.“It’snotjustthatthesetwoaredifferent,it’softenthatthemoreyourewardpeoplefordoingsomething,themoretheirinnerdrivetendstodecline.”A“dothisandgetthat”approachmightimproveperformanceintheshortterm,butoverlongerperiodsitwillalwaysfail,Kohnsays.Peoplewhoreceivebonuswillnaturallyplaysafe,becomelesscreative,cooperatelessandfeellessvalued,headds.What’smore,thestudiesalsosuggestthatofferingrewardscanalsostoppeopletakingresponsibility.10.Theeffectofperformance-relatedbonuseshasnotbeenwellstudiedbecausepeople_______A.takethefunctionofbonusesforgrantedB.seethatbonusofferingisdoneeverywhereC.thinkfinancialencouragementisdisgustingD.areshockedbythepracticeofrewardingforfailures11.AccordingtoMalcolmHiggs,designsthat_________arethegoodones.A.drivepeopletofinishshort-termtasksB.helptoattractandkeepgoodemployeesC.linkfinancialrewardswiththequalityoftheoutcomes-8-\nD.connectindividualinterestswithlong-termbusinessgoals12.Ifapersonplayssafetogetabonus,heisprobablybeing________.A.moreenthusiasticB.morerisk-takingC.lessdaringD.lessresponsible13.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinktheauthorwouldmostprobablyagreewith?A.Companiesshouldmaketheirbonusprojectssimple.B.Thebenefitofbonushelpstogetthebestoutofpeople.C.Thebiggestproblemwithbonusisitcreatescheating.D.Bonusofferingcanstoppeopledoingthingsforpurejoy.14.Whichdoyouthinkisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.WhatIsBonus?B.DoesBonusWork?C.WhyBonusOffered?D.HowBonusWorks?参考答案10.A11.D12.C13.D14.B***************************************************结束1、（浙江省温州市2022年高三第一次适应性测试） Wheneditorsconsideredthepossibledemandfor"Autobiography(自传)ofMarkTwain"，theykepttheirexpectationswithin7，500copies.However，thebookreachedtheNo.7onTheNewYorkTimes’best-sellerlistpublishedonNov.28.OnFridayafternoonitwasNo.4ontheBN.combest-sellerlist. Itisahitacrossthecountry.1andingonbest-sellerlistsandgoingbacktopresssixtimes，foratotalof275，000sofar.Thepublishercannotprintcopiesquicklyenough，leavingsomebookstoresandonlineretailers(零售商)hopelesswithoutcopiesjustastheholidayshoppingseasonbegins."It’sfrustrating，"saidRona，theowneroftheBookMark."Inthisageofinstantbooks，whydoesittakesolongtoreprintit?"Kris，anownerofabookstoresaid："Itwassoldrightout.There’salastingloveaffairwithMarkTwain，especiallyaroundhere.Anybodywithinastone’sthrowoftheMississippiRiverhasaTwainattachment."Mr.Ingrainsaid："I’m-8-\nsureeverybooksellerintheworldissaying.‘Ishouldhavebeensharper.Ishouldhavethoughtthisonethroughmorecarefully.’"Earlierthisweek，thebookwassoldoutatahandfulofbookstores.Somebooksellerssaidtheyhadbeentold，muchtotheirdisappointment，thattheywouldnotreceivereordersuntilmid-DecemberorevenJanuary. Manybooksellerssaidthebookhasaholiday-giftquality，whichhasauniquestorybehinditspublication.Twainorderedthatthebookbepublishedacenturyafterhisdeath.Itismorepoliticalthanhispreviousworks，beingflank，funny，angryandfullofmemoriesfromhischildhood.It’sliterary，butnottootoughtoread.Thecontent，itself，isveryreadable.Itcanbeeasilypickedupandreadwithouttheworryofcontinuity(连贯性)."I’veonlyhadachancetolookatit.butfromwhatIdidsee，itlookedlikethekindofbookyouwouldneverfinish，andyouwouldnevereventhinkofreadingfromthebeginningtotheend."saidMr.IngramofPrairieLights."It’sthekindofbookyouwouldreadalittlebiteverydayofyourlife. "Hewasawonderfulshowman.Andhewascool.Let’sfaceit.That’spartofit."Mr.Kettmannsaid."WefeelAmerica’skindofexcitedaboutaliteraryicon."saidMs.Dahne."There’ssomethingverysweetaboutthefactthatpeopleareinterestedina736-pagescholarlybookaboutMarkTwain.”(1)Wecanfindthisarticleina________. A. newspaper B. brochure C. novel D.guidebook-8-\n【解析】 本文是一则报道，《马克·吐温自传》受到人们的追捧，登上了《纽约时报》畅销书榜单第七名。(1)A文章出处题。从全文可知，这是一篇介绍《马克·吐温自传》畅销的新闻报道，所以文章最有可能来自于报纸，答案选A项。(2)B句意理解题。语意表示“我本该眼光更敏锐些”，再结合语境可知该句隐含着书商对形势估计不足，从而产生一种惋惜和自责的情绪，所以句意同B项较一致。(3)D事实细节题。从文章第三段最后一句我们不难发现，《马克·吐温自传》需要读者仔细阅读，点滴阅读，所以答案选D项。(4)B写作目的题。全文主要向读者介绍了《马克·吐温自传》受到人们的追捧，畅销于世，所以选B项。*******************************************************结束4、（2022·江苏省南京市三模）Wetypicallyassociatetheword“science”withapersoninawhitecoatdoing-8-\nexperimentsinalaboratory.Ideally,experimentsshouldplayasbigaroleinthehumansciencesastheydointhenaturalsciences;butinpracticethisisnotusuallythecase.Theareatleastthreereasonsforthis.1．Humanscientistsareoftentryingtomakesenseofcomplexrealworldsituationsinwhichitissimplyimpossibletoruncontrolledexperiment.2．Theartificialityofsomeoftheexperimentsthatcanbeconductedmaymakethebehavioroftheparticipantsabnormal.3．Therearemoralreasonsfornotconductingexperimentsthathaveanegativeeffectonthepeoplewhoparticipateinthem.Facedwiththeabovedifficulties,whatarehumanscientiststodo?Onesolutionistowaitfornaturetoprovidetheappropriateexperimentalconditions.Wecan,forexample,learnsomethingabouthowanormalbrainfunctionsbylookingatpeoplewhohavesufferedbraindamage;andwecangainsomeunderstandingintotherolesplayedbygenesandtheenvironmentbystudyingtwins,whohavebeenseparatedatbirthandbroughtupindifferentfamilies.Inthecaseofeconomics,economichistorycanprovideuswithabankof-admittedlynotverywell-controlled-experimentaldata.However,humanscientistsdonotjustsitaroundwaitingfornaturalexperimentstoarise.Theyalsothinkofsomeexperimentsoftheirown.Supposeyouwanttoknowhowababyseestheworld.Wecannot,ofcourse,askthebabysinceithasnotyetlearnttospeak.Soitmightseemthatallwecandoisguess.Peopleusuallywon’tchangetheirminduntilitwasfoundoutthatbabiestendtostareatsurprisingthingslongerthanatunsurprisingones.Thiskeyunderstandingwaslikeopeningawindowontothedevelopingmind.Therewasnowawayoftestingbabies’expectationsandgettingsomeideaofhowtheyaresixmonthsold,babiescanalreadydothefollowingthings:figuringoutthatobjectsconsistofpartsthatmovetogetherbeingawareofthedifferencebetweenlivingandnon-livingthingsandevendoingsimplearithmeticwork.60．Whatistrueaboutthenaturalsciencesandthehumansciencesaccordingtothispassage?A．Bothhumanscientistsandnaturalscientistscanruncontrolled-8-\nexperiments.B．Experimentsdonebyhumanscientistsandnaturalscientistsareartificial.C．Bothhumanandnaturalscienceexperimentsshouldbeofthesameimportance.D．It’snotmoraltoconducthumanscienceexperiments.61．Whatdoweknowabouthumanscientistsfromthispassage?A．Theyarewhitecoatscientists.B．Theyhavemoreexperimentalsourcesthannaturalscientists.C．Theyconductexperimentspassively.D．Theyfacemoredifficultiesincarryingouttheirresearch.62．Whichofthefollowingexperimentsbelongstohumanscienceexperiment?A．VinegarVolcanoVinegarandbakingsodamake.forafunandeasyscienceexperiment.Trycreatingavinegarvolcano.B．TasteWithoutSmellPutyoursensestothetestwiththissimpleexperimentthatshowstheimportanceofyoursenseofsmell.C．LungFunctionObserveyourbreathandconfirmyourlungvolumebycompletingthisexperiment.D．MakeaRainbowUsesunlightandwatertomakeyourownrainbowwiththiscoolexperimentthatwillteachkidshowrainbowsworkwhiletheyenjoyafunactivity63．Whatdoestheauthortellusinthispassage?A．ABCsaboutthescienceexperiment.B．Someknowledgeofscience.C．Somedifferencesbetweenthehumansciencesandthenaturalsciences.D．Thesimilarityofthenaturalsciencesandthehumansciences.-8-\n4、参考答案---------CDCC*******************************************************结束BBelowisapagefromTheWorldAlmanac（年鉴）andBookofFacts2022.6.Whichparkhas365milesofexploredundergroundpassages?A.Arches,UT.B.CuyahogaValley,OH.C.Acadia,ME.D.MammothCave,KY.7.InwhichyearwasChannelIslandsfirstauthorizedasaprotectionsiteforsealions,seabirdsanduniqueplants?A.1929.B.1938.C.1978.D.1980.8.Theworld’stallesttreesarefoundin_______.A.Redwood,CAB.GatesoftheArctic,AKC.Canyonlands,UTD.KingsCanyon,CA9.In1917,thenationalparkDenaliwasnamedas_______.A.BlackCanyonoftheGunnisonB.MountDesertIsl.C.Mt.McKinleyNationalParkD.RockyMountain参考答案6.D7.B8.A9.C*******************************************************结束-8-
