SailingtheoceansUnit2,Wordsminimumpoleoverheadoffshoreoutwardsecuremagneticadj.最小的;最低的n.地极;柱;杆adj.在头上的adv.在头顶上;在空中adj.离岸的;海面上的adj.外面的;向外的adv.向外;在外adj.安全的;可靠的adj.磁的;有磁性的,awkwardreferenceprecisesimplifyportableshortcomingupdatedtendencyreliableadj.难使用的;笨拙的n.参考adj.精确的;准确的vt.单一化;简单化adj.轻便的;手提的n.缺点;短处vt.更新n.趋向;倾向adj.可靠的;可信赖的,1Whatisanavigator?2Whatisthedifferencebetweenanavigatorandanexplorer?WarmingUpInpairsdiscussthesequestions:Anavigatorexploresnewroutesacrossthesea.Anavigatorexploresthesea;anexplorerdiscoversnewplacesonland.,3Lookatthesefamouspeople.Aretheynavigatorsorexplorers?Whatdoyouknowaboutthem?,ZhengHe,intheyearbetween1405and1433,sevenlargetreasurefleetssailedwestwardsonvoyagesoftradeandexploration.UnderthecommandofZhengHe,thefleetssetsailfromtheSouthChinaSeaacrosstheIndianOceantotheRedSea,andthentraveledfurthersouth,discoveringtheeasterncoastofAfrica.HerenewedrelationswiththeKingdomsoftheEastAfrican.,WhenMarcoPolowasstillveryyoung,hedecidedtotraveltogetherwithhisfather.IttookthemmorethanthreeyearstotraveltoChina.Afternearlyseventeenyears’travelintheEast,Marcoandhisfatherwantedtoreturnhome.MarcoPoloMarcoPolowasborninVenicein1254.HewasthemostfamousforeignertovisitAsiaduringtheMiddleAges.,JamesCook(1728-1779)wasthegreatestBritainnavigator.CookenlistedintheRoyalNavyin1755.In1768hewaspromotedandsenttothePacificwherehesurveyedTahiti,NewZealand,andAustralia.Onhisfamous2ndexpedition(1772-75)heexploredAntarctica.In1776inhisthirdandfinalvoyage,heexploredtheWestcoastofNorthAmericaanddiscoveredtheHawaiianIslands.,Navigatorissomeonewhofindsthepositionandplotsthecourseofaship,anaircraft,acar,etc,usingmapsandinstruments.Navigatorseanauticalinstrumentsfindnewislandsorcontinents,Explorerissomeonewhotravelsintoorthroughaplaceinordertolearnaboutit.Veryoftennavigatorsarealsoexplorers.Explorerlanduseofcompassandlandmarksfindnewplaceswithinanalreadyidentifiedislandorcontinent,1Howdoyouthinkseamenfoundtheirwaybeforemodernaccuratemethodsofnavigationwereinvented?Pre-readingLookatthepicturesonpage11.Thenanswerthequestions.Keptclosetotheshore,usednaturesuchasthesun,wind,birds,tide,etc,tohelpthem,andusedsomeoftheinstrumentsincludingacompass,astrolabe,etc.,2Whichdoyouthinkwaseasiertoworkout:latitudeorlongitude?Latitude,becauseitwasusedtomeasurehowfaryouhadtravelledfromlandonastraightline.Itwasdiscoveredalongtimebeforelongitude.,3Canyouidentifytheseearlynavigationalinstrumentsseamenusedandexplainhowtheyareused?1_________________________2_________3_________4________________________compass(inancientChina)astrolabesextantsea/nautical/marinechart,4Whichonesdoyouthinkarestillusedtoday?Seachartsarestillusedtoday.,SAILINGTHEOCEANSReadingNowreadaboutwhatnavigationwaslikebeforemoderninstrumentswereused.,1Whatistheuseofabearingcircle,astrolabe,quadrantorsextant?()Whatistheuseofacompass?()AtosetthecourseoftheshipBtomeasurethepositionoftheshipCtomeasurethespeedoftheshipDtotellthetimeBAComprehending1Readthepassageandanswerthefollowingquestions.,Speedandtimeareimportantinfindingoutthelongitudeofashipbecausetheearthmovesfifteendegreeswestwardseveryhour.Ifyouknowyourdirection,speedandtime,youcanworkouttheapproximatelongitudeorchangeinyourpositioninrelationtothestars.Whyarespeedandtimeimportantinworkingoutthelongitudeofaship?,Thepositionofthesunandstarsareusefulforworkingoutlatitudebecausetheyarefixedpointsintheskyandtheirmovementsinrelationtotheeartharealreadyknown.Sotheycanbeusedtomeasureaship'sposition.3Whyisthepositionofthesunandvariousstarsusefulforworkingoutlatitude?,Thesailorswouldneedtobeexcellentnavigators,abletocopewithbothhotandcoldweather,experiencedinsailingthroughverybadweatherandabletoco-operateinateam.2SupposeyouwereaseacaptainaimingtosailroundAfrica.Discussingroups:1Whatskillswouldyouseekinyoursailors?,Iwouldanticipateveryhotweather(aroundtheequator),coldweather(aroundtheCapeofGoodHope),verystormyseas(aroundtheCape),andproblemswithfoodandwater(unlesshelpedbylocalnativesthewatermaybecontaminatedandthefoodscarce),etc.Whatproblemswouldyouanticipateforthisjourney?,SAILINGTHEOCEANSUsingnaturetokeepalongsidecoastlinePart1UsingnavigationalinstrumentstohelpPart2UsingcelestialbodiesUsingthewildlifeFindinglongitudeUsingtheseaFindinglatitudeUsingtheweather,3Whatwouldyoudoifyoucameacrossthefollowingproblemsduringyourvoyage?Readthechartbelowandfillinyourplansofactiontodealwiththem.Whatwouldyoudoif:PlanofactionYouwerefarfromlandandastormarose.waittillthestormisover,andthenfindyournewpositionandreturntoyouroriginalcourse,Youknewyourlatitudebutdidn'tknowyourlongitude.Youwereblownoff-course.useknotstofindyourspeedandworkoutyourapproximatelongitudeusethecompassandtheastrolabe,quadrantorsextanttofindoutyourposition,returntoyourformercourse,Youwereoffshorebutyouneededmorefoodandwater.Youwantedtokeepastraightcourse.follownestingbirdstoshore;lookforspecialcloudformationsorfogoverstreamstofindlanduseacompass,Youwerelostwithnolandinsight.measureyourpositionusingthesunorstars;lookforseabirds,cloudformations,fogorseaweedtoshowthatlandisnearby,Tofindtheship’spositionatseaasailorusedtheNorthStarandthesun.4Readthepassageagainandusetheinformationtoanalysethenavigationalskills.Writetheanswersinyourownwords.Usingnature,2Asailorknewthatlandwasnearbyifhesaw_____________________________________________________.3Sailorsused__________________________toincreasetheirspeed.freshseaweed,nestingbirdsreturninghomeintheeveningorfogseacurrentsortidesandwinds,Usinginstruments4Thereweretwomethodstofindlongitude:1_________________________2___________________________________________.measuringtimeandspeedcompassandcomplicatedmathematicaltables,5Writedowntheworkingprinciplesofthefollowinginstruments:Beatingcircle:__________________________________________________________________.Astrolabe: _______________________________________________________________.tocomparetheheightofthesunnowwiththepositionofthe'sunatmiddaytocomparethepositionoftheshipinrelationtosomestarsorthesun,Quadrant:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.amorepreciseformoftheastrolabe,tomeasurehowhighstarsareabovethehorizon,andcomparethatmeasurementwithpreviousmeasurements(usingtheshipasoneofthefixedpointstofinditsposition),Sextant:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.anupdatedversionofthequadrantandsoitwasmoreaccurate,tomeasuretheanglebetweentwofixedpointsoutsidetheship(usingtwomirrorstofindtheship'sposition),5Imagineyouareonaboatwithtwenty-nineotherpeople.Youhaveasmallboxforyourpersonalthingsbutitcanonlyholdtenitems.Whatwouldyouneedforaweek'sjourneyacrosstheNorthSeatoEngland?,CategoryItemsCategoryItemsClothesShoesHygieneToolsBeddingMedicinesGamesBooksshirt,trouserswaterproofbootssoapscissors,knifeblanketsea-sicktablets,coldmedicinecards,chessnovels,essaycollections,1.atthemercyof听任…摆布，在…面前无能为力Theywerelostatseaatthemercyofwindandweather.have/showmercyonsb.宽恕或怜悯某人；withoutmercy毫不容情地Languagepoints,Avoid(making)anyreferencetohisillness.千万别提起他的病。2.referencen.①提到;说到;涉及②附注;旁注checkyourreferences要核对引证的资料,【知识拓展】referv.提到，说起，涉及；参考，查询，常与to连用。WhenIsaidsomepeoplearestupidIwasn’treferringtoyou.当我说某个人很愚蠢的时候，我没有提到你。Ifyoudon’tknowwhatthismeans,pleaserefertothedictionary.如果你不知道这是什么意思，请查看字典。,Shesimplifiedtheinstructionssothatthechildrencouldunderstandthem.她简化了指令以便于儿童理解。3simplifyv.简化;使单纯Thatwillsimplifymytask.那可简化了我的工作。,1.Thedatashouldbeupdatedonceaweek.这些数据应该每星期更新一次。2.Mapsneedregularupdates.地图需要经常修订。3.Iupdatedthecommitteeonourprogress.我向委员会报告了我们的进展情况。4updatev.更新;补充最新资料,Ssubject主语Ppredicate谓语Oobject宾语Attattribute定语Advadverbial状语Comcomplement补语Prepredicative表语Cclause从句Shortforms缩略语,Difficultsentencesanalysis1Thenumberofknotsthatwerecountedduringafixedperiodoftimegavethespeedoftheshipinnauticalmilesperhour．一定时段得出的绳节数显示航船的海哩时速。SAttCPOAdv,2.Later,whenseamenbegantousethecompassinthe12thcenturytheycouldcalculatelongitudeusingcomplicatedmathematicaltables．后来到了十二世纪海员开始使用指南针的时候，他们就能够借助复杂的数学表格计算出航行的经度了。usingcomplicatedmathematicaltables是现在分词短语作状语，表示手段。,3.Theearliest，theastrolabe，wasaspecialall-in-onetoolfortellingthepositionoftheshipinrelationtothesunandvariousstarswhichcoveredthewholesky．最早的，那些古代的星盘，是一种单一形式的工具，用来确定船舶与太阳和太空星辰的相对位置。,inrelationto(=concerning)thismatterItsbrainissmallinrelationto(=comparedwith)itsbody.Littleofwhathesaidhasanyrelationtofact.inrelationto…是复合介词短语,作状语。,Thankyou.
