Unit3LanguageinuseModule8Myfuturelife,Iknowthatyouwillbebetteratmaths.TheserosesaretothankthreegroupsofpeopleforthethreemostimportantthingsthatIhavelearnt.Igivethewhiterosetomyteachers,whohavetaughtmethatthereisnosuccesswithouteffort.I’msurethatyouallhaveyourownmemoriesaboutthehappinessofthelastthreeyears,andthepeoplewhomyouwanttothankforit.Readthesesentencesandthinkabouttheirstructures.,AttributiveClause,ThisisthefilmwhichIsawlastnight.ThisisthefilmwhosenameisTitanic.ThemanandthewomanwhomyouseeinthepictureareJackandLucy.Herearetwopicturesthataretakenfromthefilm.JackandLucyaretheheroandtheheroinewholovedeachotherverymuchinthefilm.which指物，作宾语that指物，作主语whose指人，作定语whom指人，作宾语who指人，作主语,定语从句在句中作定语,用来修饰某个名词或代词,这个名词或代词叫先行词,而定语从句位于先行词的后面。用来引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词分关系代词(that,which,who,whom,whose)和关系副词(when,where,why)。,关系词引导定语从句,指代先行词,并在从句中作一定成分,如作主语、宾语或状语等。用来引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose。,relativesusedforusedaswhichthingsubject（主语）object（宾语）thatthingpersonwhopersonwhompersonobject（宾语）whoseperson/thingattribute（定语）,◆that引导的定语从句that引导定语从句时,既可以指人,也可以指物,在从句中可以作主语或宾语。Heisapersonthatdoeswhathesays.(person是先行词,that在从句中作主语)他是一个说话算数的人。ThecatthatIboughtyesterdayisill.(cat是先行词,that在从句中作宾语)我昨天买的那只猫病了。,◆who引导的定语从句who引导定语从句时只能指人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语。Afriendwhohelpsyouwhenyouhavetroubleisarealfriend.(friend是先行词,who在从句中作主语)在你有困难时帮助你的朋友才是真正的朋友。,whom也可以引导定语从句,在从句中只能作宾语,有时可以和who互换,但介词后只能用whom,不能用who。Heisthemanwho/whomIhavebeenlookingfor.=HeisthemanforwhomIhavebeenlooking.他就是我一直在找的人。,◆which引导的定语从句which引导定语从句时,只能指物,在从句中可以作主语或宾语。Iwanttotakeawaythebookwhichyoushowedmeyesterday.(book是先行词,which在从句中作宾语)我想带走你昨天给我看的那本书。,注意:◆在由that,who和which引导的定语从句中,当它们在从句中作主语时,都不可以省略；作宾语时,都可以省略。◆介词后面只能用which或whom,不能用that或who。,Therearelotsofthings(that)Ineedtopreparebeforethetrip.,Doyouknowthegirlwho/thatissingingintheclassroom?,Thisisthebiggestfish(that)Ihaveeverseen.,Fingerfoodisthefood______________________________whichweeatwithourfingersAhandbagisasmallbag_____________________________whichwomenusetocarrytheirthingsSchool-leaversareyoungpeople_____________________________whoareleavingschoolCompletethesentencesusingwhich,that,whoorwhom.1,Aclassmateissomeone______________________________whoisinthesameclassasmeAfriendissomeone_____________________________ItrustAstrangerissomeone_____________________________whomIdon’tknow,①Howdoyouknowthatthepartyisinternational?②Whyarethepeoplecheering?③Whatdoyouthinkthepersonmakingaspeechissaying?Lookatthepictureandthemenu.Discussthequestions.2,①Howdoyouknowthatthepartyisinternational?②Whyarethepeoplecheering?③Whatdoyouthinkthepersonmakingaspeechissaying?Ithinkthepartyisinternationalbecausethefoodisinternational.Ithinkthepeoplearecheeringbecausetheyarehappyaboutwhatthespeakerissaying.Ithinkthespeakerissayingthatnowthespeechisoveranditistimetoeat!,Theboy_____(who/which/where)Italkedwithjustnowisoneofmybestfriends.2.Thisisthedictionary________(who/which/what/whose)Mumgavemeformybirthday.3.Thebook_____(where/that/whose)pagesarebrokenisstillonthefloor.4.WeknowJackieChan______(who/which/whose)isaveryfamousmoviestar.5.ProjectHopeisonlyoneoftheprogrammes____(where/who/that)wassetuptohelpthosepoorchildren.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectwords.whowhichwhosewhothat,根据句意,用正确的关系代词填空。Heistheman__________isreadytohelpothers.2.Thegirl________________Ispoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thedress___________youboughtinthecitymallismadeofsilk.4.Billlikesmusic___________hecansingalongwith.that/whothat/who/whomthat/whichthat/which,5.Thisisthevillage__________Iusedtolivein.6.Womenalwayslikebuyingmanythings_____________theydon’tneedatall.7.I’mstudyingasubject___________Iamveryinterestedin.8.Thegirlwith________Iwentshoppingyesterdayismycousin.that/whichthat/whichthat/whichwhom,注意:◆关系词只能用that的情况:a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:Hewasthefirstpersonthatpassedtheexam.,b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,theone等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuyintheshop?c.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,little,few等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:ThisisthesamebikethatIlost.,d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which。例如:IcanrememberwellthepersonsandsomepicturesthatIsawintheroom.e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that。例如:Whoisthegirlthatiscrying?f.主句是therebe结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which。例如:ThereisabookonthedeskthatbelongstoTom.,单项选择1.Ilikemusic_______greatlyrics.A.thathaveB.thathasC.whohaveD.whohas2.Theyaretalkingaboutthingsandpersons_______theysawthereafewdaysago.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.whatBC,3.Thisisthehighestbuilding_______I’veeverseen.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.where4.Ireallydidn’tknowanything_______happenedtoJimyesterday.A.whichB.whoseC.whenD.thatBD,5.---Whoistheman_______isstandingoverthere?---Oh,heismymathteacher.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.which6.Thebuilding_______isoveronehundredyearsoldisveryfamoushere.A.whichB.whatC.whenD.whereCA,Objectclause,一、宾语从句的概念宾语从句属于名词性从句，在句中作主句的宾语。eg:WeknowMrGreenteachesEnglish.Sheaskediftheseanswerswereright.,二、宾语从句三要素引导词（连接词）语序时态,三、引导宾语从句的词有：(1)连词that(在口语中that常可省略）。如：Heknows(that)Jimwillworkhard.在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只起引导功能，无具体意义，不担当任何成份，因此在口语或非正式的文体中常可省略。然而，大凡规则总有例外的情况，在下列that引导的宾语从句中，that则不能省略。,1).从句的主语是that。如：Hesaysthatthatisarealking’shat.他说那是一个真的王冠。,2).that从句中含有主从复合句。如：I’mafraidthatifyou’velostit,youmustpayforit.3).主、从句之间有插入语时。如：Itsayshere,onthiscard,thatitwasusedinplaysinancienttimes.卡片上写着，它是古代演戏用的。,4).若出现两个或两上以上的由that引导的宾语从句，且由并列连词连接时，只有第一个连词that可以省略。如：Shesaid(that)shewouldcomeandthatshewouldalsobringherson.她说她要来，还要带她的儿子来。,that引导宾语从句，主句用一般现在时，从句可以使用任意符合句意要求的时态。如：He says(that)they have returned already．他说他们已经回来了。He tells me that he was born in 1985.他告诉我他生于1985年。时态问题,如果主句用一般过去时，从句要用过去时态的某种形式（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。如：He said(that)he boughta newdictionary．他说他买了本新词典。I knew they were studying English．我知道他们正在学英语。,如果从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、格言、谚语等等，尽管主句用一般过去时，从句也要用一般现在时。如：Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.我们老师告诉我们，光比声音传播得快。Hesaidthattimeislife.他说时间就是生命。,(2)连接代词who,whom,which等，如：Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfor?(3)连接副词when,where,how,why等。如：Couldyoutellmehowwecangettothestation?,(4)由if和whether引导的宾语从句Ⅰ.if和whether引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，一般情况下，二者没有区别，可以换用。但if常用于口语中，whether比较正式。如：,Millieaskedif/whetherhelikedthissweater.米莉问他是否喜欢这件羊毛衫。Thefishermanwantstoknowif/whetheritwillrain.渔民想知道天是否会下雨。,Ⅱ.if和whether引导宾语从句时，要注意宾语从句三要素，即连词、语序和时态。由于if和whether连接的是一般疑问句，因此要注意把从句语序改为陈述句语序。如：DoesMrZhaoliveinRoom208?Couldyoutellme?→Couldyoutellmeif/whetherMrZhaolivesinRoom208?,其次要注意时态变化：1).若主句是一般现在时，从句用任何所需时态。如：Hewantstoknowif/whethertheyhadagoodjourneyhome.他想知道他们回家旅途是否愉快。,2).若主句是一般过去时，从句则用跟过去相关的时态。即一般现在时变为一般过去时、现在进行时变为过去进行时、一般将来时为过去将来时、现在完成时态变为过去完成时。如：Didthetrainleave?Shedidn’tknow.→Shedidn’tknowif/whetherthetrainhadleft.,Ⅲ.if和whether的区别二者在下列几种情况下不能换用：1).宾语从句置于句首表示强调时，应用whether，不用if。如：Whetherthisistrueornot,Ican’tsay.这是否对，我不能说。,2).宾语从句与ornot直接连用时，应用whether，不能用if。如：Idon’tknowwhetherornothewillcometomorrow.我不知道他明天是否来。,3).与动词不定式连用时，只能用whether。如：Shecan’tdecidewhethertogotoAmerica.她不能决定是否去美国。4).从句作介词宾语时，只能用whether。如：IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.我担心是否伤了她的感情。,5).宾语从句的谓语动词是否定形式时，只能用if，不能用whether。如：Tomwantstoknowifhewon’tcomeheretomorrow.汤姆想知道他明天是否不来这儿。,6).if意为“假如，如果”时，可以引导条件状语从句，而whether没有这个用法。如：IfSimoncomesheretomorrow,I’llcallyou.假如西蒙明天来这儿，我将打电话告诉你。,1.UncleWangcameuptosee__________therewasanythingwrongwiththemachine.if/whether2.Idon’tknow__________togoorstay.3.________thatistrue,whatshouldwedo?whetherIf4.________theywilleverbecomefutureOlympicchampionsonlytimewilltell.WhetherCompletethesentenceswithif/whether.,1.宾语从句要用陈述句语序。如：Idon’tknowwhenwillheleave.(误)Idon’tknowwhen__________leave.(正)hewill2.宾语从句一定要注意时态呼应，即：当主句谓语动词是过去式时，从句中谓语动词也应是过去范畴的时态，但若从句陈述的是真理或客观规律，其谓语的时态仍用一般现在时，如：(注意下列句子中从句的时态和语序)注意事项,Heaskedwhocouldanswerthequestion.Myfathertoldmethattheearth______(go)roundthesun.goes3.当主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose等动词时,宾语从句的否定意义要放到主句中。另外，当主句主语为第一人称时，后面若接附加疑问句(即反意疑问句)，那么附加疑问句应疑问在从句上，其他人称疑问在主句上，如：Idon'tthinkhelookslikehisfather,__________?Theythinkhelookslikehisfather,___________?WesupposeLucyhasbeentoDalian,__________?doeshedon’ttheyhasn’tshe,4.直接引语和间接引语也是宾语从句，直接引语是引述别人的原话，放在引号内，不用连词联接（如,Shesaid,“I’mastudent.”）；间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，通常用连接词与主句联接（如,Shesaidthatsheisthirteen）。直接引语的宾语从句可变为间接引语的宾语从句。(1)陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句，如：Hesaid,“I'mhappy.”Hesaid_______he_____happy.thatwas,(2)一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。如：Heaskedme,“DoeshisfatherknowMr.Green?”Heaskedme_____hisfather__________Mr.Green.ifknew,Completethepassagewiththeclausesinthebox.Answers:1.a2.e3.b4.c5.d3,1.WheredidSallyworklastyear?Doyouknow? _______________________________________2.Whendidhebuythenicecar?Canyoutellme? _______________________________________3.Wheredoesshelive?Idon’tknow. _______________________________________4."Whatdidyousayjustnow?"IaskedJim. _______________________________________5.Whenwillhecomebackhome?Pleasetellme. _______________________________________Jointhesentences.DoyouknowwhereSallyworkedlastyear?Canyoutellmewhenheboughtthenicecar?Idon’tknowwhereshelives.IaskedJimwhathesaidjustthen.Pleasetellmewhenhewillcomebackhome.,宾语从句与定语从句的区别宾语从句相当于宾语，只是以一个句子的形式出现；而定语从句相当于形容词，用来修饰名词或代词。宾语从句是做宾语的，一般是在动词或者介词后面；定语从句放在名词或代词的后面。,中考链接()1.—Excuseme.Couldyoutellme____?—Itwillleaveat4:00p.m.(2011盐城)A.howwillyougoShanghai B.howyouwillgotoShanghaiC.whenwillthebusleaveforShanghai D.whenthebuswillleaveforShanghaiD()2.Idon’tknowthegirlinred.Couldyoutellme________?(2011湖北黄石)A.whatishernameB.howoldissheC.whoissheD.whereshecomesfromD,()3.—Doyouknowthekidwith______Bobistalkingoverthere?—Yes,it’smycousin.(2011湖北黄石)A.whoB.thatC.不填D.whomD()4.---Canyoutellme_____itisfromhometoschool?---Sure.It’saboutthreekilometers.(2011襄阳)A.howmuchB.howlongC.howfarD.howsoonC,()5.---Doyouknowtheman______isreadingthebookoverthere?---Yes,he’sMr.Green,ourPEteacher.(2011襄阳)A.whichB.whatC.whomD.whoD()6.Thepeople_____helpedusbuildourhometownarefromBeijing.(2011四川德阳)A.whichB.whomC.whoC,()7.—Couldyoutellme________theparty?—NextFriday.(2011广西柳州)A.wherewearegoingtohaveB.whenwearegoingtohaveC.whenweweregoingtohaveB()8.Idon'tknowifshetomybirthdaypartytomorrow.Ifshe,I'llbeveryhappy.(2011湖南益阳)A.comes;comes B.willcome;comes C.comes;willcomeB,()9.Haveyoufinishedthebook____youborrowedfromthelibrary?(2011四川广元)A.whichB.itC.whatA()10.—Mary,couldyoutellmeifyourmother_____ourschoolsportsmeetingtomorrow?—Ithinkshewillcometoschoolifshe_____free.(2011山东滨州)A.willtakepartin;willbeB.takespartin;isC.willtakepartin;isD.takespartin;willbeC,()11.—Tomwantstoknowifyouwillhaveapicnictomorrow.—Yes.Butifit______,we’llplaychessinstead.(2011山东泰安)A.willrainB.rained C.israiningD.rainsD()12.—Wheredidyougolastweek?—IwenttoZhangAiping’shometownandvisitedthehousehewasbornin.(2011四川达州)A.thatB.thereC.whoD.whoseA,()13.—IhearthatLily’sbrotherisaworkerhere.—Look,theman_____isworkingoverthereisherbrother.(2011四川资阳)A.whoB.whomC.whatD.whichA()14.—Haveyougotanyideaforthesummervacation?—Idon’tmind_____.ItwillbeOKifthereissun,seaandbeach.(2012四川乐山)A.wheredowego B.wherewego C.whenwegoB,()15.SteveJobsisoneofthepersons______foundedAppleComputerCompany.Hisdeathmarkedtheendofanera(时代).(2012山东东营)A.whoB.whomC.whichD./A()16.—Whatareyoulookingfor?—I'mlookingforthepen_______myfathergavemelastweek.(2012浙江衢州)A.whoB.whichC.whoseD.whomB,()17.Pleasepassmethecartoonbook______hasaMickeyMouseonthecover.(2012天津)A.whomB.whoseC.whoD.which()18.“Whatdoyouthinkoftheschooluniforms?”“Verygood.Ilikeclothes______makemefeelcomfortable.”(2012贵州贵阳)A.thatB.whatC.whoAD,()19.—Iwonder____________at8:00lastnight? —IwaswatchingNBA.(2013铜仁)A.whatwereyoudoingB.whatdidyoudoC.whatyouweredoingD.whatareyoudoingC()20.Idon'tremember____________thebookyesterday.(2013北京)A.whereIputB.wheredidIputC.wherewillIputD.wherelwillputA,()21.—Excuseme,Couldyoutell_____?—Yes.Goalongthisstreetandyouwillfinditonyourleft.(2013衢州)A.whereisthemuseumB.whichisthewaytothemuseumC.howfaristhemuseumD.howcanIgettothemuseumB,()22.Couldyoutellme______ameetinginGuangzhounextweek?(2013梅州)A.iftherewasgoingtobeB.ifthereisgoingtobeC.whetheristheregoingtobeD.whetherthereisgoingtohaveB
