优点英语定语从句定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：①关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；②关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；③“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；④as引导的非限制性定语从句。【重点、难点】一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1．WangHongfailedintheCollegeEntranceExamination,______disappointedhismother.2．WangHongfailedintheCollegeEntranceExaminationand______disappointedhismother.3．WangHongfailedintheCollegeEntranceExamination;______disappointedhismother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词which；第二句话：句中有并列连词and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。第三句话：句中有分号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词it指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。,优点英语二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1．Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,______whichhewentontoCambridge.2．Thisisthefarm______whichheworkedtwoyearsago.3．Inthedarkstreettherewasnotasingleperson______whomshecouldturnforhelp.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为heworkedtwoyearsagoonthefarm(“在农场”为“onthefarm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turntosb.forhelp”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用inwhich,that或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略)。比较：Theway(that/which)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(把从句补充完整：heexplainedthewaytous，可以看出引导词在从句中作explained的宾语)Theway(that/inwhich)heexplainedthesentencewassimple.(把从句补充完整：heexplainedthesentenceintheway，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语)三、引导词as,which的区别,优点英语1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。Hewentabroad,whichwasunexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。Sheisagooddoctor,ashermotherusedtobe.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.2．限制性定语从句中有such,thesame时，其后常用as引导定语从句(thesame后也可用that，但意义不一样)。Heissuchagoodteacherasweallloveandrespect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。Theriver,whichflowsthroughLondon,iscalledtheThames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)4．as常与从句中的know,see,hear,expect等动词连用，也常用于asoftenhappens,asisoftenthecase(常有的事)等句子中。Hewasabsentfromschool,asisoftenthecase.他缺课了，这是常事。,优点英语题型一.whose引导的定语从句whose在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的……”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。(1)表示物时相当于“the＋名词＋of＋which”或“of＋which＋the＋名词”。(2)表示人时相当于“the＋名词＋of＋whom”或“of＋whom＋the＋名词”。2．whose引导的定语从句与并列句的区别whose引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their的并列句混淆。如：Chinahasthe3rdlongestriverintheworld，whosenameistheYangzeRiver.(定语从句)Chinahasthe3rdlongestriverintheworld，anditsnameistheYangzeRiver.(并列句) 1.Thebooksonthedesk，coversareshiny，areprizesforus.2.Acompanyprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.3.IwishtothankProfessorSmith，without________helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.A．whoB．whoseC．whomD．which题型二、where引导的定语从句不是地点胜似“地点”——“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词where试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点”。事实上，对于where这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的situation/case，到了何种地步(point)，或某事物所发展的阶段stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。Laterinthischaptercaseswillbeintroducedtoreaderswhereconsumercomplainshaveresultedinchangesinthelaw.(where＝inthecases)消费者的抱怨导致法律的改变的案例将在本章稍后向读者介绍。,优点英语这些不是地点胜似“地点”的名词的归属问题即当不当“地点”看是解答这类定语从句的关键。 1.Self-drivingisanarea________Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline.A．thatB．whereC．whichD．when2.OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch，________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.答案：where 本句为定语从句，先行词是表示地点的专有名词St.Paul'sChurch，从句中缺少地点状语，所以填where。句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。3.Hewrotealetter________heexplainedwhathadhappenedintheaccident.4.Salesdirectorisaposition________communicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.A．whichB．thatC．whenD．where5.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator，________itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.A．whenB．whichC．whereD．while题型三、as引导的定语从句as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式(1)其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)注意：such...as...引导的定语从句与such...that...引导的状语从句的区别：,优点英语第一个句子中as引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子中that引导的是状语从句，从句中不缺任何成分。(2)．..suchas...such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。如：ThisbookisnotsuchasIexpect.这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语) 1.Ihaveneverperformedsuchataskthatyou'veaskedmetodo.____________2.Thenumberofsmokers,isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.3.Alotoflanguagelearning，________hasbeendiscovered，ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife，soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A．asB．itC．whichD．this题型四、介词+关系代词如何选择“介词＋关系代词”中的介词在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可依据以下原则：(1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。IadmiremyEnglishteacherverymuchfromwhomIlearnalot.(learnfromsb为固定搭配)(2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。Therearesomepeopletowhomyoucanturn.(turntosb为固定搭配)(3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。,优点英语HeintroducedmesomereferencebookswithwhichIamnotveryfamiliar.(befamiliarwith为固定搭配)(4)表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”时用介词of。Shehasseenmanyfilms，ofwhichKungFuPandaisherfavorite.(5)有一些动词短语不能拆开，如payattentionto，lookafter，takecareof等。 1.Hemaywinthecompetition,________caseheislikelytogetintothenationalteam.2.JuliewasgoodatGerman，FrenchandRussian，allof________shespokefluently.A．whoB．whomC．whichD．that3.Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum，theconstruction________hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A．forwhichB．withwhichC．ofwhichD．towhich【误区警示】1．误用关系词例1、—Icanneverforgettheday________wespenttogetherinthesummercamp.—Well,especiallytheday________itsuddenlybegantoraininthemiddleofthenight.易错警示：学生只注意先行词，不分析从句缺少成分，从而导致全填关系词when。2．误判从句类型例2、________isreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.易错警示：学生受思维定势影响，极易误填It。答案：As 由逗号可知，这是一个非限制性定语从句，引导词位于句首，且意为“正如”，所以填as。3．忽略标点符号例3、Inourschoolthereare2,000students.Abouttwofifthsof________aregirls.易错警示：学生受思维定势影响，不注意标点符号，极易误填whom。,优点英语答案：them 标点符号在定语从句中，尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大，又极易被学生忽视。许多同学不注意标点符号的特定作用，认为只要是主从指代无误，翻译通顺就可以，因而常易导致错误。一般情况下两句话之间以逗号连接，则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外)；另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。随堂练习题组一Ⅰ.单句填空1.In1984,Dr.MaryGroda-Lewis, wasthirty-fiveyearsoldthen,graduatedwithhonorsandrealizedherdream. 2.Hesaid,“...Iaddedasmallmoustache, wouldaddagewithouthidingmyexpression.” 3.Theact, forbidstrading,waspassedin1448andisstillinforce. 4.Ourofficewasn’tfarfromChinatown, IfoundsomeverygoodChineserestaurants. 5.Asmoreandmorepeopleownprivatecars,parkinghasbecomeabigheadacheformanycarowners,especiallyforthose liveindowntownareaswithoutenoughparkingspaces. 6.Nowmillionsoffansareeagerlyawaitingitseighthandfinalseason, startsonApril14. 7.AfterlivinginAustraliaformanyyears,Louisefinallyreturnedtothecountry shewasborn. 8.Thereareperhaps40millioncompetitivetabletennisplayersandmanyordinarypeople playlessseriously. 9.Hewasagreatscientistandanextraordinaryman workandlegacywillliveonformanyyears. 10.ThatisanOxfordcollege, famousgraduatesincludethelateBenazirBhutto. 11.Butit’snotlikemanyothercountries thereseemstobetensionamongthedifferentcultures. 12.Then,afire, brokeoutin1969onCleveland’sCuyahogaRiver,shedlightontheproblemofchemicalpollutioninwater. ,优点英语13.Pupils, usuallycomefromthefifthorsixthgrade,aredividedintodifferentteamsandtrytowritedowneverywordaccordingtoitspronunciation. 14.Iamalreadylookingforwardtotheirnextvisit IcanshowthemmoreofwhatSevilleoffers. Ⅱ.单句改错15.ItwillbetenmonthsbeforeIattendtheCollegeEntranceExamination,thatmakesmeworried. 16.IhaveanAmericanfriend,Marianne,shelivesalonebuthasapetdog,Sparky. 17.Intheyear2013whichIwas15,Ijoinedanexchangestudentprogram. 18.It’sablacksquaresuitcase,whatisjustasbigasaschoolbag. 19.WhenIwas12,ImetMary.ShecametoChinawithherparents,whomtaughtEnglishinauniversity. 题组二1.(2019江苏,21)Wehaveenteredintoanage dreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue. 2.(2019天津,11)Theirchildisatthestage shecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences. 3.(2018北京,5)Sheandherfamilybicycletowork, helpsthemkeepfit. 4.(2018天津,2)Kate, sisterIsharedaroomwithwhenwewereatcollege,hasgonetoworkinAustralia. 5.(2018江苏,23)Self-drivingisanarea Chinaandtherestoftheworldareonthesamestartingline. 6.(2017天津,9)Myeldestson, worktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment. 7.(2017江苏,28)In1963theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme,oneof purposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation. 8.(2016北京,22)Ilivenextdoortoacouple childrenoftenmakealotofnoise. 9.(2016天津,9)Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek, theweathermaybebetter. 10.(2016浙江,11)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof hasbeenproved. 11.(2015北京,24)OppositeisSt.Paul’sChurch, youcanhearsomelovelymusic. ,优点英语12.(2015江苏,21)Thenumberofsmokers, isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear. 13.(2015天津,15)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere hisemployeesenjoytheirwork. 14.(2015安徽,28)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon schooleducationdepends. 15.(2015福建,34)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership, showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina. 16.(2015陕西,15)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetime heshouldbeabletobeindependent. 17.(2015四川,3)Thebooksonthedesk, coversareshiny,areprizesforus. 题组三1.(2020届河南天一大联考阶段检测Ⅰ,69)WrittenChinesehasalsobecomeanimportantmeansby China’spresentisconnectedwithitspast. 2.(2020届河南九师联盟9月质检,66)Toattractvisitorstothecoaster,theparkhasjustreleased(发布)newphotosandvideosonline, showwhatthecoasterwillbelikefromtheperspective(视角)ofpersonriding. 3.(2020届山西太原五中9月月考,41)Afterrunningarestaurantforseveralyears,heretiredattheageof65andreceivedhisfirstsocialsecuritycheck, wasfor$105,ashisonlyincome. 4.(2020届河南许昌高级中学月考一,49)Thepursecontainedmanygoldcoinsandanotefromtheking,sayingthatthegoldwasfortheperson removedthehugerockfromtheroad. 5.(2020届黑龙江大庆铁人中学开学考试,67)Manyfarmsalsousechemicals willkillinsectsinordertoprotecttheirplants. 6.(2020届黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中9月月考,46)Inmid-September, theirseedlesswhitegrapesripen,localfarmersarebusypickinggrapestobetransportedtootherpartsofthecountry. 7.(2020届云南昆明一中摸底一,65)In2006,itsaverageweeklycirculationwasreportedtobe1.5millioncopies,halfof weresoldintheUnitedStates. ,优点英语8.(2019山西太原期中考试,61)Inthepastfewyears,morethanhalfofthebookstoresinChinahavecloseddown, istheresultofthecompetitionwithonlinebookstores. 9.(2019河北保定摸底考试,66)Forinstance,inLima,thecapitalofPeru,therearemorethan50Chinesemedicineclinics,about70percentof weresetupbylocaldoctors. 10.(2019海南儋州一次统测,63)Hewasalsotheone foundedtheHongKongdailynewspaperMingPaoin1959. 11.(2019河北衡水中学一调,68)Meanwhile,astheconstructiongoeson,moreroadswillbebuiltandtheMetrosystemwillbeexpanded, canreducetrafficjams. 12.(2019湖北鄂东南教育教学改革联盟期中考试,69)Themajorityoftheadswerealsopromotingextra-curriculareducationinstitutions, havebeencondemnedforputtingextraacademicpressureonstudents. 13.(2018浙江温州普通高中高考适应性测试,58)Hehadskincancer, madehimreadytogiveup. 14.(2018湖南永州一模,63)Therearecertaindatesthroughouttheyear theentirecountrytakesavacationatthesametime. 15.(2018浙江湖州、衢州、丽水三地市教学质检,63)AnalystsinChinasaytherearethreefactors contributetothesuddenincreaseofbikes. 题组四一Therewasatime 1 IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedspeakingEnglish.Andthiswasthereason 2 myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub, 3 Imetmanystrangers,Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately,myguide, 4 teacherwasYuMinhong,communicatedwithmefacetoface,from 5 Igainedsomeusefulinstructions.Healsointroducedagoodpartnertome,andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldtalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities 6 wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide, 7 encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish,into 8 Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsand,优点英语passagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep,Irecallthepassages,through 9 Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords. 10 ourEnglishteachersays,“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance,youwillmasterEnglishsoonerorlater.” 二MyclassmateMichaelstudiedveryhard 1 hewenttoseniorhighschool.Everydayheworked 2 everyoneelseinmyclasslefttheclassroom.Hesaidhewouldn’tstoptrying 3 hegotsatisfyingscoresinhisstudies.Hard 4 hetried,hemadelittleprogress.Buthedidn’tloseheartatall 5 hebelievedaslongashepersistedhewouldsucceedoneday. 6 timewentby,hemadeimprovementsinhisstudiesandhewasadmittedtoauniversityinBeijingatlast.Wehadaget-together 7 westartedournewlifeinuniversity.Everyonehadgotoffersfromuniversities, 8 wehadaverygoodtime.Whenwestood 9 weusedtoplayandstudy,wecouldn’thelpthinkingofourhappyolddays.Webelievedwewouldneverforgeteachother, 10 wewouldgoorwhateverwewoulddo. 三Itwasreported 1 therewasanaccidentatthecornerofRomanStreetthismorning.Noonesaw 2 onearthhappenedthen.Acarranintoatruckbutfortunately,nobodygotinjured. 3 isresponsiblefortheaccidentisstillunderinvestigation.Thepoliceareuncertainabout 4 thedriverisguilty. 5 thepoliceshoulddonowis 6 theymustfindoutwhatledtotheaccident.Theysaiditwasdifficultforthemtojudgebecause 7 theaccidenthappenedwasnotclear.Perhapsthereasonwas 8 thedriverwastootiredtostopthecarintime.Thedriverdidn’tadmitthefact 9 hewasdrivingtoofastattheturning.Thepolicedoubted 10 whathesaidwastrueanddecidedtomakeafurtherinvestigation.
