第一讲 宏观通视—读文解题把握“二线索·三原则”阅读七选五题型实质上就是句子复位题。解答此题型最快捷实用的解题步骤是先定性，再定位：先定性——即先初读文章，根据空格所处的位置及文意初步判定空格处的句子是主题句、结论句还是过渡句或细节句；再定位——即再精读文章，根据上下文语意关系和逻辑关系确定填哪一个选项。 一、通读文章和题目，关注“二线索”对于每篇文章，作者总是按照一定的篇章结构来布局谋篇，只有掌握了文章的行文结构，才能从宏观上把握作者的行文思路，达到快速理解文章的目的。考生在解答阅读七选五题型时，要学会从宏观视角分析语篇结构。首先，要辨别文章的体裁，通常为说明文。说明文一般采用“总—分—总”或“总—分”结构。作者通常在文章的开头部分提出要说明的问题，在中间部分进行说明或阐释，此部分要注意使用何种说明方法，采取哪些策略，如何解决问题，在结尾部分作出总结或得出结论。有些说明文没有结尾总结部分。其次，要剖析作者是以何种语篇结构模式来行文的。考生只有把握了语篇的结构模式才可以站在一定的高度，梳理语篇的脉络，获悉主要信息对主题的支撑和论证功能，为准确掌握语篇的发展方向和主旨大意奠定基础，从而降低阅读时的焦虑心理。此外，考生也可以自己画出语篇的结构框架图，即思维导图。再次，考生要学会寻找各段的主题句。英语语篇通常采用“开门见山”的模式，段落主\n题句一般会出现在文章的开头。主题句也会出现在段尾，对段落起总结概括的作用。找到段落主题句，把握文章的主旨大意，有利于缩小选择的范围，减小冗余信息对考生的影响，提高解题的正确率。下面我们以2019年全国卷Ⅰ的阅读七选五为例，进行宏观视角语篇结构分析示范。[典例]IsFreshAirReallyGoodforYou?Weallgrewuphearingpeopletellusto“gooutandgetsomefreshair.”__36__Accordingtorecentstudies,theanswerisabigYES,iftheairqualityinyourcampingareaisgood.__37__Iftheairyou’rebreathingisclean—whichitwouldbeifyou’reawayfromthesmogofcities—thentheairisfilledwithlifegiving,energizingoxygen.Ifyouexerciseoutofdoors,yourbodywilllearntobreathemoredeeply,allowingevenmoreoxygentogettoyourmuscles(肌肉)andyourbrain.Recently,peoplehavebegunstudyingtheconnectionbetweenthenaturalworldandhealing(治愈)．__38__Intheseplacespatientscangotobenearnatureduringtheirrecovery.Itturnsoutthatjustlookingatgreen,growingthingscanreducestress,lowerbloodpressure,andputpeopleintoabettermood(情绪)．Greeneryisgoodforus.Hospitalpatientswhoseetreebranchesouttheirwindowarelikelytorecoveratafasterratethanpatientswhoseebuildingsorskyinstead.__39__Itgivesusagreatfeelingofpeace.__40__Whilethesun’srayscanageandharmourskin,theyalsogiveusbeneficialVitaminD．TomakesureyougetenoughVitaminD—butstillprotectyourskin—putonsunscreenrightasyouheadoutside.Ittakessunscreenaboutfifteenminutestostartworking,andthat’splentyoftimeforyourskintoabsorbaday’sworthofVitaminD.A．Freshaircleansourlungs.B．Sowhatareyouwaitingfor?C．Beinginnaturerefreshesus.D．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.\nE．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?F．Justasimportantly,wetendtoassociatefreshairwithhealthcare.G．Allacrossthecountry,recoverycentershavebegunbuildingHealingGardens.[宏观视角分析]文章体裁：说明文主旨大意：文章阐述了呼吸新鲜空气和接近大自然有益于身心健康。语篇结构：本文采用了“总—分”式结构。文章的语篇模式是典型的“一般到具体”模式。此篇文章的语篇模式如下：Broadstatement：(Paragraph1)Thefreshairisreallygoodforyouiftheairqualityinyourcampingareaisgood.Gooutandgetsomefreshair.Specificstatement1：(Paragraph2)Freshaircleansourlungs.Specificstatement2：(Paragraph3)Thenaturalworldhelpspatients’healing.Specificstatement3：(Paragraph4)Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.文章五个空格有2处位于段首，3处位于段中。第37题和第40题为段落主题句，第36题为过渡句，第38题和第39题为细节句。从宏观视角把握好这篇文章之后，有利于预测和推断文章的走向，进而提高解题的正确率。作者在写文章时，为了服务于文章主题的需要，常有意无意地在文章中设置一些重复信息来达到详尽细致地阐明主题的目的，依据这些重复信息，就能快速找到空格与选项的对应关系。重复信息一般有以下几种：1.原词重复信息\n原词复现是词汇的一种衔接手段，即同一个词(常为动词、名词、形容词)或短语在文章的不同位置出现。这些词会以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现。如：“looks”与“looking”“looked”；“go”与“going”“went”等。根据语言习惯，第一句的宾语往往是第二句的主语，或者前后句有相同、重叠的词语。因此，要学会寻找空格前后句子中的相同关键词。[典例1] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)___37___Somepeopleregisteralistofthingstheywantorneedfortheirnewhomeatalocalstoreorstores.Somecommonthingspeoplewillputonagiftregistryincludekitchentoolslikeknivesandthingslikecurtains.Evenifthereisn’taregistry,agoodhousewarminggiftissomethingtodecoratethenewhousewith,likeapieceofartoraplant.A．Thisisn’tusualthough.B．Itistraditionaltobringagifttoahousewarmingparty.C．Youcanalsobringfoodordrinkstosharewiththeotherguests.D．Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoreceivegifts,keeptheminasafeplace.E．Italsogivespeopleachancetoseewhatthenewhomelookslike.F．Thebesthousewarmingpartiesencourageoldfriendstogettogether.G．Thiswassothatthepersoncouldkeeptheirhomewarmforthewinter.分析：本题可用原词重复信息解题，根据本段中多次出现的“gift”可知，该段的主题应该是带礼物。B项“带礼物去乔迁聚会是传统”概括了本段内容。B项中的“gift”与下文多次出现的“gift”为原词复现。故选B。为了避免与上文提到的名词重复，常用不同的代词指代上文提到的人、事物或事件。如：it指代单数名词、不可数名词、句子；they指代复数名词；ones泛指复数名词。还有反身代词、指示代词、关系代词等。[典例2] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)\nRecently,peoplehavebegunstudyingtheconnectionbetweenthenaturalworldandhealing(治愈)．__38__Intheseplacespatientscangotobenearnatureduringtheirrecovery...A．Freshaircleansourlungs.B．Sowhatareyouwaitingfor?C．Beinginnaturerefreshesus.D．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?F．Justasimportantly,wetendtoassociatefreshairwithhealthcare.G．Allacrossthecountry,recoverycentershavebegunbuildingHealingGardens.分析：根据设空处后的“Intheseplacespatientscangotobenearnatureduringtheirrecovery.”可知，在这些地方，病人在康复期间可以接近大自然。theseplaces应指代设空处提到的地点，G项中的HealingGardens为theseplaces指代的地点，且Healing为上文中healing的复现，故G项符合语境。派生词，望文生义，就是由词根加词缀构成的词。派生重复信息就是这类词在句中的复现。[典例3] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)__40__Whilethesun’srayscanageandharmourskin,theyalsogiveusbeneficialVitaminD．TomakesureyougetenoughVitaminD—butstillprotectyourskin—putonsunscreenrightasyouheadoutside.Ittakessunscreenaboutfifteenminutestostartworking,andthat’splentyoftimeforyourskintoabsorbaday’sworthofVitaminD.A．Freshaircleansourlungs.B．Sowhatareyouwaitingfor?C．Beinginnaturerefreshesus.\nD．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?F．Justasimportantly,wetendtoassociatefreshairwithhealthcare.G．Allacrossthecountry,recoverycentershavebegunbuildingHealingGardens.分析：本题从两个角度分析：(1)下文中的“beneficial”与D项中的“benefit”属于同根词，属于派生词重复信息；(2)本段介绍了阳光的多种好处。D项中的“sunlight”与空格后的“sun’srays”相呼应，符合逻辑通顺原则。故选D。这里的同义多指意义相同或相近的词、词组或句子。如：room与space。[典例4] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)·Rethinkmornings.Nowthatyouknowwhyyouwanttowakeup,considerrearrangingyourmorningactivities.Ifyouwanttimetohavebreakfastwithyourfamily,savesometimethenightbeforebysettingoutclothes,shoes,andbags.__38__That’saquarterhourmoreyoucouldbesleepingifyouboughtacoffeemakerwithatimer.A．Getasleepspecialist.B．Findtherightmotivation.C．Abetterplanforsleepcanhelp.D．Andconsidersettingasecondalarm.E．Ifthestepsyoutakeareworking,keepitup.F．Sticktoyoursetbedtimeandwakeuptime,nomattertheday.G．Reconsiderthe15minutesyouspendinlineatthecafetogetcoffee.分析：本题可用两种方法解答：(1)空格后一句中的“aquarterhour”和G项中的“15minutes”属于同一范畴的同义信息，是信息提示词；(2)本题选项符合逻辑通顺原则。根据空后“如果你买了一台带有计时器的咖啡机，你可以多睡一刻钟”可知，G项“重新考虑你\n(是否要)在咖啡馆排队15分钟买咖啡”与下文为递进关系，符合语境，逻辑通顺。故选G。顾名思义，就是上下文中有互为相反词义的单词、短语或者意思相反的句子。[典例5] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thereisalsothematteroftone(语气)．Whohasn’treceivedanemailsoannoyingthatitruinedanentireday?__39__.Emojicanhelpcommunicationfeelfriendlier,andevenaseriousnotecanbesoftenedwithanencouragingsmile.A．MessagewithemojisfeelmoreconversationalB．EvenaformalemailcanseemcoldandunfriendlyC．SendingsmilingfacestocolleaguesmayseemstrangeD．ThepopularityoftheseplatformsisspreadinggloballyE．GivingemployeesthetoolsenablesthemtocommunicatehonestlyF．StudiesshowthatfriendliercommunicationleadstoahappierworkplaceG．Aneasywaytobringallworkgenerationstogetheriswithachatplatform分析：本题可以从两个方面进行考虑：(1)根据空格前一句“谁没有收到令人烦恼的邮件而毁掉一整天？”，及空格后“表情符号可以让交流感觉更友好”可知，此处需要一个句子来承上启下，要从逻辑上进行考虑。B项“即使是一封正式的电子邮件也会让人觉得冷冰冰、不友好”，承上启下，符合语境；(2)根据空格后的“friendlier”和B项中的“unfriendly”语义相反可知，空后是表情符号的优点，空处是没有表情符号的电子邮件的缺点。故选B。二、解题和复验答案，坚持“三原则”“阅读七选五”题型的考查实质就是“句子复位”，是将一篇完整的短文通过在不同位置设空，考查学生对语篇的宏观把握能力和语句表达的逻辑能力。所以，无论在选项初判之时，还是在做完题复验答案之时，都应遵循以下“三项基本原则”。位置优先原则是指根据空格所在的位置，在选择时针对其题目特征进行优先考虑。\n如果段首设空，这个句子可能是该段的主题句，或者是本段与上段的过渡句，其形式往往比较特别，标注有关键信息词。解题时，利用位置优先原则，寻找和前后段落形式统一，具有较强概括性的语句。如果空格在段尾，则多为承上启下句或总结、概括句。解题时，利用位置优先原则，查找表示结果、结论及总结性的线索词语。如：toconclude,inaword,thus,therefore,inshort,so等。[典例1] (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)·__37__Donotfollowthepeoplewhomakeyoufeelnotgoodenough.Whydoyoufollowthem?Areyouhopingthateventuallyyouwillfeelempoweredbecauseyourlifeisbetterthantheirs?Knowthatyourlifeisyourown;youaretheonlyyouinthisworld.A．Feelingupsetagain?B．Wheredoyoustart?C．Nothingistoosmalltocelebrate.D．Remember,youareonlyhuman.E．Setanintentionforselfacceptance.F．Stopcomparingyourselfwithothers.G．Whendoesthecomparisongamestart?分析：分析空格可得出两个信息：(1)空格处在段首位置，可能是该段的主旨句，或者是本段与上段的过渡句，考虑使用位置优先原则；(2)根据空后内容可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的，我们在世界上是独一无二的。故F项“停止把自己和别人进行比较。”概括了本段的主旨，适合做主旨句。故选F。[典例2] (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Thelargecolordecisionsinyourroomsconcernthewalls,ceilings,andfloors.Whetheryou’relookingatwallpaperorpaint,thetime,effortandrelativeexpenseputintoitaresignificant.__40__.A．WhileallofthemareusefulB．Whateveryou’relookingfor\nC．Ifyou’reexperimentingwithacolorD．Smallcolorchoicesaretheoneswe’remostfamiliarwithE．It’snotreallyagoodideatousetoomanysmallcolorpiecesF．Soitpaystobesure,becauseyouwanttogetitrightthefirsttimeG．Colorchoicesinthisrangeareastepupfromthesmallonesintwomajorways分析：空格设在段尾，根据位置优先原则，查找表示结果、结论的词。根据空格前“投入的时间、精力和相关费用都是有意义的”可知，F项“因为你想第一次就把事情做好，所以付出肯定是值得的”，对上文进行了总结，so为关键词，引出结论。故选F。逻辑通顺原则是指选项具有联系上下文的功能，在句中找到句间逻辑，抓住了逻辑关系线索词，也就掌握了解题的关键线索。常见的逻辑关系主要包括因果关系、转折关系、条件关系、并列关系、递进关系、对比关系、例证关系等。这些逻辑关系常常有各自的标志词。[典例3] (2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Housewarmingpartiesgettheirnamefromthefactthatalongtimeagopeoplewouldactuallybringfirewoodtoanewhomeasagift.___40__Nowmosthomeshavecentralheatinganddon’tusefirestokeepwarm.A．Thisisn’tusualthough.B．Itistraditionaltobringagifttoahousewarmingparty.C．Youcanalsobringfoodordrinkstosharewiththeotherguests.D．Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoreceivegifts,keeptheminasafeplace.E．Italsogivespeopleachancetoseewhatthenewhomelookslike.F．Thebesthousewarmingpartiesencourageoldfriendstogettogether.G．Thiswassothatthepersoncouldkeeptheirhomewarmforthewinter.\n分析：空前一句介绍了乔迁聚会名称的由来。根据“bringfirewoodtoanewhomeasagift”可知，人们会带柴火作为礼物；空格后“现在人们不用火取暖”是与以前作对比。G项“这样人们就可以在冬天的时候保持家里温暖”说明了带柴火的目的，承上启下，逻辑通顺，符合语境。故选G。[典例4] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Weallgrewuphearingpeopletellusto“gooutandgetsomefreshair.”__36__Accordingtorecentstudies,theanswerisabigYES,iftheairqualityinyourcampingareaisgood.A．Freshaircleansourlungs.B．Sowhatareyouwaitingfor?C．Beinginnaturerefreshesus.D．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?F．Justasimportantly,wetendtoassociatefreshairwithhealthcare.G．Allacrossthecountry,recoverycentershavebegunbuildingHealingGardens.分析：根据空格后的“theanswerisabigYES”可知，该空应该是一个一般疑问句；再根据空格前的“peopletellus”可知，E项中的“yourmotheralwayssaid”与之呼应，符合逻辑通顺原则。故选E。此处所谓的“就近一致原则”不是主谓一致的就近一致原则。此原则更适用于针对上下文所讲的“重复信息”的处理，也就是说我们解题时空前和空后的关键词就是就近一致原则的核心。[典例5] (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)InAsia,messagingplatformsaregrowingrapidly,withusersinthehundredsofmillions,bothatworkandplay.__36__.It’sbeenreportedthat76percentofemployeesinsomewesterncountriesareusingemojisatwork.\nA．MessagewithemojisfeelmoreconversationalB．EvenaformalemailcanseemcoldandunfriendlyC．SendingsmilingfacestocolleaguesmayseemstrangeD．ThepopularityoftheseplatformsisspreadinggloballyE．GivingemployeesthetoolsenablesthemtocommunicatehonestlyF．StudiesshowthatfriendliercommunicationleadstoahappierworkplaceG．Aneasywaytobringallworkgenerationstogetheriswithachatplatform分析：根据空前“在亚洲，信息平台正在迅速发展”，空后“据报道，在一些西方国家，76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号”可知，D项“这些平台的受欢迎程度正在全球蔓延”与前后句相呼应，且D项中的关键词“globally”与空前关键词“InAsia”和空后关键词“insomewesterncountries”一致，符合就近一致原则。故选D。[典例6] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ)·Don’topenlyexpressannoyanceataprofessororclass.__40__Whenastudentattacksaprofessoronthesocialmedia,thelanguageusedactuallysaysmoreaboutthestudent.Ifthereistrulyaconcernaboutaprofessor’sprofessionalismorability,besuretouseonlinecourseevaluationstocalmlyofferyourcomments.A．That’swhattheyarefor.B．Turntoanonlineinstructorforhelp.C．Ifmoreinformationisneeded,theywillask.D．Rememberthatonlineprofessorsgetalotofemails.E．Belowaresomecommondo’sanddon’tsforonlinelearners.F．Everyonehastakenanotsogreatclassatonetimeoranother.G．Askquestions,butmakesuretheyaregood,thoughtfulquestions.分析：根据空格前“Don’topenlyexpressannoyanceataprofessororclass.”中的“annoyance”和“aprofessororclass”及常识可知，F项“每个人都可能曾经上过不太好的课”承接上文，选项中的“notsogreatclass”与空前的关键词相呼应，由关\n键词就近一致原则，应选F。[随堂体验落实]Feellikeyou’reworkinghardbutstillcan’treachyourstudygoals?Don’tworry.__1__Studywithapartneroringroups.Groupstudyinghelpsyouengageandprocesstheinformationmoredeeplyandactively,whichnotonlyhelpsyoulearn,butmakesstudyingmoreenjoyable.Forexample,playcharadesguessingthecharactersofTheGreatCatsby;racetosolveanalgebraproblemfirstanddiscussitafterwards.Havefunwithit.__2__Stepintoyourteacher’sshoes.Youhaveprobablyexperiencedyourteacher’stestsbynow.Andyouknowyourteachersexpectyoutomemorizethenotestheyfeelimportantandthatthosearewhatyourteacherthinksshouldbeputonyourpaper.__3__Askyourself“WhatifIweretheteacher？”Feedyourbrain.Ahungrybrainisineffective.Thosesnickerscommercialswerenotkidding.__4__Rememberonlyhealthyfoodsprovidenutrientstoyourbraincellstokeepthemenergized.That’sbecausewhatyoueatanddrinkalsodeterminesitssharpness.Takebreaks.Youknow,yourmuscleneedsexercisetomakeitstronger,butitcanalsotireifyouoverworkit.__5__Imaginethateachminuteofstudyingisapushup(俯卧撑)andyouhavetocomplete100.Ifyoutrytodothemallatonce,you’llbetiredsoonandyoucan’tcontinue.So,nexttimedividestudyinginto15～30minuteblockswithquickbreaksinbetweenandyou’llseethedifference.A．Soit’syourjobtofigureoutwhattheyare.B．Herearesomequicktipstohelpyoumakethemostoutofstudyhabits.C．Youcanlearnmorewithyourteacher’shelpwheneveryouneedit.\nD．Creatingcontextgivesinformationmeaningandalsoturnslearningintoanexperience.E．Yourbrainneedsthepropernutrientstokeepitgoing.F．Justavoidturningyoursessionsintosocialhour.G．Yourbrainisnodifference.[思维脉络图]1．选B 根据空前的内容以及下文的四个建议可知，空处应是承上启下句，B项中的“somequicktips”与下文四个建议对应，符合题意。2．选F 本段讲述的是同伴或小组间相互学习、交流的作用和呈现方式。由上文可知，空处与上文形成转折——“不可把完成学习任务的时间变成交朋结友的时间”。故选F项。3．选A 换位思考，假设你是老师，你会把哪些内容作为考点用来命题呢？A项符合题意。4．选E 本段主要讲述了大脑需要营养来保持运转。小标题中的“brain”及空后的“nutrients”和E项中的“brain”和“nutrients”相呼应，故选E项。5．选G 本段采用类比的手法揭示适当的休息和放松是必要的。大脑与锻炼一样，也需要适当的休息，故选G项。
