虚拟语气的运用解析【学习目标】1.初步了解虚拟语气的结构1.能对简单的虚拟语气进行运用【教学重难点】对隐含条件的虚拟语气和从句中虚拟语气的运用语气有三种：陈述语气、虚拟语气、祈使语气。虚拟语气，表示说话人的假设、猜测、建议或愿望，而不表示客观存在的事实。第一部分虚拟语气用于含（或隐含）条件状语从句的复合句[来源:Zxxk.Com]一、基本情况1、与现在事实相反表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be的过去式一般用were）”；而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should,could,might)+动词原形”。例如：Ifhehadtime,hewouldattendthemeeting.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.IfIwereateacher,Iwouldbestrictwithmystudents.Iftheywereherenow,theywouldhelpyou.练练看Ifthey(have)time,they(study)Italiantoo.Ifthere(be)nogravity,we(notbe)abletowalk.2、与过去事实相反表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”；主句中的谓语动词用“would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词”例如：Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’thavefailedintheexamination.IfIhadcomehereyesterday,Iwouldhaveseenhim.Ifshehadworkedharder,shewouldhavesucceeded.【练练看】6/6Therice__________(notburn)ifyou_________(be)morecarefulyesterday.Ifmylawyer_________(be)herelastSaturday,he__________(prevent)mefromgoing.3、与将来事实可能相反表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词与“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“wereto(should)+动词原形”。例如：Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,theycouldn’tgoout.【练练看】Ifhe(go)tomorrow,he(tell)you.小结请填好以下表格与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实可能相反主句从句注意：evenif/though引导从句用于虚拟语气的形式与if从句相同。EventhoughIhadbeenverybusythen,Iwouldhavehelpedyou.二、特殊情况1、主句和从句的谓语动词所指的时间不同（错综时态虚拟）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要依据它所表示的时间来调整。Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldbeverytired.Ifyouhadn’twatchedthatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepynow.Manydeadpeoplewouldnowbealiveiftheyhadnotattemptedtoreturnforsomething.IfPaulhadreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.6/6【练练看】Ifyou(ask)himyesterday,you(know)whattodonow.Ifit(rain)lastnight,it(be)verycoldtoday.2、隐含条件隐含条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.=Ifthere_________(be)noair,therewouldbenolivingthings.Iwasverytired.Otherwise,Iwouldhavegonetohelpyou.=IfIhadnotbeenverytired,Iwouldhavegonetohelpyou.Butfortheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappylifetoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappylifetoday.3、无主句的虚拟条件句（ifonly意为“但愿，要是…就好了”，通常用过去时或过去完成时）IfonlyIwereabird.IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice.Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.[来源:Z+xx+k.Com]Ifonlyhe_________(come)earlytomorrow.4、虚拟条件句的倒装（if的省略现象）虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had（须为助动词或意为“有”），可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.6/6Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.请把下列句子恢复成正常语序的句子WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.=_________________________________Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.=_________________________Shouldtherebeagoodfilmtomorrow.Iwouldgotothetheatrewithyou.=______________________________________________Wereitnotforyourhelp,Iwouldn’tbesuccessful.=______________________________但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式，如我们可以说：Wereitnotfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.但不能说：Weren’titfortheexpense,IwouldgotoItaly.第二部分虚拟语气用于某些从句一、从句的谓语动词形式为(should)do1、用于在表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中。这类动词有：一个坚持insist;两个命令order,command;三个建议advise,suggest,propose;四个要求demand,require,request,desire;以及arrange安排，beg请求，decide决定，intend打算，object反对，prefer愿意，urge强调、敦促，vote公认；提议pray请求等。例如：Wesuggestthatwe(should)haveameeting.Weinsistthatthey(should)gowithus.Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Hedemandedthatwe(should)startrightaway.Sheadvisedthatwe_______________(keep)thegatelocked.注意：只有当insist作“坚持主张去做某事情”，suggest作“建议”解时，从句的动词发生在谓语动词之后，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。当insist作“坚持认为某个事实的客观存在”，suggest作“暗示，表明”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。例如：Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.6/6MadameCurieinsistedthattherewassomethinginnaturethatgaveoutradium.Theexpressiononhisfacesuggestedthathe_________(be)veryangry.2、用于与表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词相关的表语从句和同位语从句中。这类名词常见的有：advice忠告，suggestion劝告,proposal提议，motion提议，demand要求，desire要求；愿望，requirement要求，request要求，order命令，insistence坚持，necessity必要性，pray恳求，decision决定，resolution决心，idea主意等。例如：Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe__________(go)toBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthatwe(should)doexercisesfirst.[来源:Z.xx.k.Com]3、用于Itis＋形容词或过去分词或名词＋that从句中，表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等。这类形容词或分词有：urgent紧迫的，necessary必要的，important重要的，vital极其重要的，possible可能的，strange奇怪的，natural自然的，probable可能的，advisable合理的，essential基本的，anxious焦急的，incredible难以置信的，suggested建议，ordered命令，proposed提议，requested要求的，required要求的，recommended推荐,decided决定的等。例如：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itisapity(ashame，nowonder)thatyoushouldbesocareless.Itwillbedesired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.二、从句的谓语动词形式为与含条件从句的复合句的虚拟语气的谓语动词形式相类似1、“wish+宾语从句”表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望，用“would(could)+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望时，用“had+过去分词”。例如：Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.Iwishyoucouldgowithus.Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.注意：这里的所谓“现在”、“过去”、“将来”严格说来都是相对概念，即相对于"wish"6/6所发生的时间而言。“现在”是指从句谓语动词的时间与"wish"所发生的时间基本相同；“过去”是指从句谓语动词的时间早于"wish"所发生的时间；“将来”是指从句谓语动词的时间晚于"wish"所发生的时间。例如：Tenyearsago,hewishedhewereamillionaire,butnowheisstillverypoor.Whenshewasyoung,shewishedthatshecouldbeateacherwhenshegrewup.【练练看】Iwishhe(notgo)then.WhenIwasachild,Iwishedthatmyparents(be)PLAsoldiers.Howshewishesthatonedayshe(drive)aplane.2、asif(asthough)引导的表语从句或状语从句。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用过去时；指将来情况，则用过去将来时。例如：Helookedasifhewereanartist.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.MrsWhiteissobbingasifherheartwouldbreak.如果强调某种天气征兆，则asif从句后不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气：如：Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnowverysoon.注意：与wish的宾语从句一样，这里的所谓“现在”、“过去”、“将来”严格说来也是相对概念，即相对于主句谓语动词所发生的时间而言。例如：Theteachertreatedthestudentsasiftheywerehisfriends.6/6
