专题12语言与学习【美文阅读1】导读：随着中国在世界经济舞台的强势崛起，＂中国热＂也持续升温。越来越多的西方人开始迷上了古老神秘的中国文化。孔子学院以前所未有的模式，敲开了文化传播的世界之门。ConfuciusInstitutes①IfConfuciuswerestillalivetodayandcouldcelebratehisSeptember28birthdaywithabigcake,therewouldbealotofcandles.He’dneedafanorastrongwindtohelphim②putthemout.WhilemanypeopleinChinawillrememberConfuciusonhisspecialday,fewpeopleintheUnitedStateswillgivehimapassingthought.It’snothingpersonal.MostAmericansdon’tevenrememberthebirthdaysoftheirownnationalheroes.Butthisdoesn’tmeanthatAmericansdon’t③careaboutConfucius.InmanywayshehasbecomeabridgethatforeignersmustcrossiftheywanttoreachadeeperunderstandingofChina.Inthepasttwodecades,theChinesestudiesprogramshavegainedhugepopularityinWesternuniversities.Morerecently,theChinesegovernmenthas④setupConfuciusInstitutesinmorethan80countries.TheseschoolsteachbothChineselanguageandculture.ThemaincoursesofChinesecultureusuallyincludedChineseart,historyandphilosophy.⑤SomesocialscientistssuggestthatWesternersshouldtakeadvantagesoftheancientChinesewisdomtomakeupforthedrawbacksofWesternersphilosophy.StudentsintheUnitedStates,atthesametime,areracingtolearnChinese.SotheywillbereadyforlifeinaworldwhereChinaisanequalpowerwiththeUnitedStates.BusinessmenwhohopetomakemoneyinChinaarereadingbooksaboutConfuciustounderstandtheirChinesecustomers.Sotheoldthinker’sideasarestillaliveandwell.TodayChinaattractstheWestmorethanever,anditwillneedmoreteacherstointroduceConfuciusandChineseculturetotheWest.⑥Asfortheoldthinker,hewillnotsoonbeforgottenbypeopleintheWest,evenifhisbirthdayis.孔子学院\n如果孔子仍在人世，并且能在9月28日买个生日蛋糕来庆祝，那么蛋糕上可需要很多很多的蜡烛。他得需要一台风扇或者一阵大风才能把蜡烛熄灭。虽然在这个特别的日子，很多中国人会纪念孔子，在美国却没有几个人能想起他。这事无关个人。大多数美国人甚至不记得自己的国家英雄的生日。但是，这并不意味着美国人不喜欢孔子。在很多方面，孔子已经成为了外国人深入了解中国必须跨越的一座桥梁。在过去的二十年里，汉语学习项目在西方的大学中受到了很大的欢迎。最近，中国政府在80多个国家创办了孔子学院。这些学院教授汉语和中国文化。主要的中国文化课程一般包括中国艺术、历史和哲学。一些社会学家建议西方人应该利用古老的中华智慧来弥补西方哲学的不足。同时，美国的学生在竞相学习中文。这样，他们就会为生活在一个中国与美国势均力敌的世界做好准备了。想要在中国赚钱的商人们也在阅读有关孔子的书籍，以便能够更好地了解他们的中国客户。由此可见，这位老思想家的理念仍然具有很强的生命力。今天的中国比以往任何时候都更加吸引着西方世界，这也就需要更多的师资力量将孔子和中国文化传播到西方。至于这位老思想家，尽管他的生日被西方人遗忘了，他的思想却会被人们所铭记。重点单词:1.Confucius[kən'fju:ʃjəs]n.孔子（中国哲学家，教育家）2.drawback['drɔːbæk]n.缺点，不利条件3.Philosophy[fɪ'lɒsəfɪ]n.哲学；哲理；人生观重点短语/亮点句式：1.IfConfuciuswerestillalivetodayandcouldcelebratehisSeptember28birthdaywithabigcake,therewouldbealotofcandles.如果孔子仍在人世，并且能在9月28日买个生日蛋糕来庆祝，那么蛋糕上可需要很多很多的蜡烛。这是一个使用了虚拟语气的主从复合句，if引导条件状语从句。IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldtellyou.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（与现在事实相反）Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（与过去事实相反）IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（与将来事实相反）2.putout熄灭，生产。如：\nTheboysquicklyputoutthefirewithwaterandanoldcoat.那些男孩们很快地用水和旧外衣把火熄灭了。Thecompanyputsout2,000computerseverymonth.这家公司每月生产二千台计算机。3.careabout担心，关心。如：Ireallycareaboutthestudentsinmyclass.我的确喜欢这个班上的学生。Theydon'tcareabouttheexpenses.他们对费用不在乎。4.setup建立；开办；建起。如：Inremembranceofthebattle,wesetupamuseum.为纪念那次战役,我们建立了一座博物馆。Hesetupthestatueinthesquare.他把雕像竖立在广场里。5.SomesocialscientistssuggestthatWesternersshouldtakeadvantagesoftheancientChinesewisdomtomakeupforthedrawbacksofWesternersphilosophy.一些社会学家建议西方人应该利用古老的中华智慧来弥补西方哲学的不足。（1）suggest作＂建议＂讲时，接宾语从句，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。作＂暗示，表明＂讲时，接宾语从句,从句用陈述语气。如:Shesuggestedthattheclassmeeting(should)notbeheldonSaturday.她建议班会不要在星期六举行。Theexpressiononhisfacesuggestedthathewasveryangry.他脸上的表情表明他很生气。（2）makeupfor补偿，弥补。如：Youhavetomakeupforourloss.你们必须对我们的损失作出补偿。Whathelacksinspeedhemakesupforinstrength.他的力量弥补了他速度的不足。6.asfor关于，至于。如：Asforhisloneliness,Idounderstandit.\n关于他的孤寂，我是再了解不过了。Asforme,Iteachart.至于我自己，我教艺术。【美文阅读2】导读：古人云“宁可三日食无肉,不可一日居无书”，可见读书的重要和乐趣。手捧一卷书，足不出户我们就可以横越苍茫大海、漫步丝绸之路。WhyDoIReadIgrewupinahousewheretheTVwasseldom①turnedonandwithonewallinmybedroomentirelylinedwithbookshelves,mostofmychildhoodwasspentonbooksIcouldgetholdof.Infact,Igrewupthinkingofreadingasnaturalasbreathingandbooksunbelievablypowerfulinshapingperspectivesbycreatingworldswecouldstepinto,②takepartinandlivein.Withthisunshakablebelief,I,atfourteen,decidedtobecomeawriter.Heretoo,readingbecameuseful.Everywriterstartsoffknowingthathehassomethingtosay,butbeingunabletofindtherightwaystosayit.Hehastofindhisownvoicebyreadingwidelyanddiscoveringwhichpartsofthewritersheagreesordisagreeswith,oragreeswithsostronglythatitreshapeshisownworld.③Hecannotwritewithoutlovingtoread,becauseonlythroughreadingotherpeople’swritingcanonediscoverwhatworks,whatdoesn’tand,intheend,togetherwithlotsofpractice,whatvoicehehas.NowIamincollege,andhavecometorealizehowimportantitistoreadfiction．Asalawstudent,myreadingisinfactlimitedtosubjectmatter—thevolumeofwhatIhavetoreadforclasseseveryweekmeansthereislittletimetoreadanythingelse.④SuchreadingmadeitalltheclearertomethatIliveinaverysmallpartinthisgreatplacecalledlife.Readingfictionremindsmethatthereislifebeyondmyown.ItallowsmetotravelacrossthehighseasandalongtheSilkRoad,allfromthecomfortofmyownarmchair,toexperience,thoughsecondhand,excitingexperiencesthatIwouldn'tnecessarilybeabletohaveinmylifetime.缘何读书小时候，我们家里很少开电视，我卧室的一面墙壁上都是书架，童年的大部分时间我都是与书为伴度过的。实际上，在成长的过程中，我一直认为读书和呼吸一样自然，而且书籍有着令人难以置信的强大力量，它创造着我们身处的社会，从而塑造着我们的观点。\n怀着这种坚定的信念，十四岁时我就立志要成为一名作家。说到写作，读书就非常有用了。每个作家都是从这个阶段开始的：觉得自己有话要说，但是却苦于找不到表达的方法。他需要博览群书，找出自己同意的或者反对的内容，又是哪些内容重塑了自己的内心世界，这样他才能表达出自己的观点。不热爱读书的人就不会写作，因为只有通过阅读他人的作品他才能发现哪些方法可行，哪些不可行，最后，经过大量的练习，他就会找出自己的写作方法。如今我上了大学，越发慢慢意识到多多阅读文学作品的重要性。作为一个法律专业的学生，我的阅读量实际上仅限于专业文献——每周必读的和功课有关的书籍已经很多，我几乎没有时间读其他的书了。这样的阅读让我清楚地知道在漫漫人生中我所处的不过是方寸之地。阅读文学作品时刻提醒我在自己的生活之外还另有天地。坐在扶手椅中，我就可以舒舒服服地横越苍茫大海、漫步丝绸之路，虽然只是间接的体验，我却经历了有生之年未必有机会去经历的新奇和刺激。重点单词：1.perspective[pə'spektɪv]n.观点2.fiction['fɪkʃ(ə)n]n.小说3.reshape[riː'ʃeɪp]vt.改造；再成形4.volume['vɒljuːm]n.量5.necessarily['nesəs(ə)rɪlɪ]adv.必要地；必定地，必然地重点短语/亮点句式：1.turnon打开；发动。如：Heaskedmetoturnontheradioforhim.他让我替他打开收音机。2.takepartin参加。如：Hewilltakepartinachesstournamentnextweek.下星期，他将要参加一场国际象棋比赛。3.Hecannotwritewithoutlovingtoread,becauseonlythroughreadingotherpeople’swritingcanonediscoverwhatworks,whatdoesn’tand,intheend,togetherwithlotsofpractice,whatvoicehehas.不热爱读书的人就不会写作，因为只有通过阅读他人的作品他才能发现哪些方法可行，哪些不可行，最后，经过大量的练习，他就会找出自己的写作方法。“Only+状语”位于句首时，句子要使用部分倒装。如：Onlyineachafternoondoestheuniversitylibraryopen.大学图书馆只有每天下午才开放。4.SuchreadingmadeitalltheclearertomethatIliveinaverysmallpartinthisgreatplace\ncalledlife.这样的阅读让我清楚地知道在漫漫人生中我所处的不过是方寸之地。本句中的it作形式宾语，代替后面的that从句。如：Ithinkitbestthatyoushouldstaywithyourfriends.我认为你最好和朋友们待在一起。练习：1.Onlyinthisway_____tomakeimprovementintheoperatingsystem.A.youcanhopeB.youdidhopeC.canyouhopeD.didyouhope2.Whateffectdoesreadinghaveontheauthor?答案：1.C【解析】“Only+状语”位于句首时，句子要使用部分倒装。选项D时态不对。句意：只有用这种方式你才能有希望改进操作系统。2.Itopensupawiderworldforhim.“语言与学习”是高考常考的话题之一。本话题包括英美英语的差异、英语和文化、语言学习的困难和策略、语言和交际的态度、学习方法和学习策略等方面。这些话题与学生的日常学习密切相关，通过这些话题的学习和考查，可以让学生了解西方语言的特点及其语言背后的文化差异，研究学习方法和策略，激发学生学习外语的热情，促进他们的身心健康。【高考探究】近几年高考英语中本话题常以听力、阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达的形式来进行考查，例如2018年新课标卷I阅读理解C篇；2018年新课标卷II阅读理解C篇；2017年高考新课标卷1完形填空；2016年四川卷完形填空；2016年浙江卷阅读理解C、D两篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解A、D两篇；2016年江苏卷阅读理解A篇和天津卷阅读理解A篇；2015年天津卷阅读理解C篇；2014年新课标全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解D篇；2012年四川卷书面表达等。【参考词汇】重点单词Ⅰ.写作必记单词1.absorbvt.吸收；理解；使全神贯注；吸引(注意)\n2.approachv.接近；靠近；n.接近；方法；途径3.coursen.课程；过程4.difficultyn.困难，困境5.explainvt.解释，说明→explanationn.解释；讲解；说明6.expressv.表达；表示7.graduallyadv.逐渐地→gradualadj.逐渐的8.mastervt.精通，掌握；n.大师；主人9.overcomev.克服，解决10.practicen.&v.练习11.requestv.&n.请求；要求Ⅱ.阅读识记单词12.accentn.口音；腔调；重音13.accumulatevt.&vi.积累；积聚→accumulationn.积累，积聚14.accurateadj.准确的，精确的→accuratelyadv.精确地，准确地→accuracyn.精确，准确15.classifyvt.分类16.consultv.咨询17.correctionn.改正18.effectiveadj.有效的→effectn.效果，作用19.dialectn.方言，土语20.enlargevt.扩大21.enrichvt.丰富22.excellentadj.极好的，优秀的→excellentlyadv.极好地；优秀地23.expressionn.表达；表示；表情；词语，措辞24.graspvt.领会；掌握25.fluentlyadv.流利地26.frequentlyadj.频繁地→frequentadj.频繁的27.memorizev.记忆28.pronunciationn.发音→pronouncevt.&vi.发音29.recognizev.辨认出；承认；识别30.scanvt.&vi.扫读；浏览\n31.sentencen.句子32.shortcomingn.缺点，短处33.shortlyadv.不久；简单地，扼要地34.skimvt.&vi.跳读；略读35.spellingn.拼写；拼法36.standardn.&adj.标准(的)37.straightadj.笔直的；正直的；adv.直接地；坦率地38.stressn.重音39.termn.术语；条目40.usagen.使用；用法41.vocabularyn.词汇42.wonderfuladj.精彩的；了不起的重点短语1.atpresent目前；现在2.attachimportanceto重视3.becauseof因为；由于4.comeup提出；走近5.formthehabitof养成……的习惯6.haveagoodcommandof精通7.haveagoodknowledgeof通晓8.insiston坚持9.keep/bear...inmind记住……10.lookup查阅；向上看11.makeprogress取得进步12.makefulluseof充分利用13.pickup(偶然)学得；拾起，捡起；接收14.put...touse使用……15.suchas例如；像【写作示例】1.英语学习体会\n(1)enlargeone’svocabulary；(2)refertothedictionary...；(3)focusonlearninggrammar；(4)formthehabitofreading；(5)readingskills/strategies/abilities；(6)Myexperiencetellsme...(7)Ipractiselisteningtwohoursaday.(8)IfindithardesttolearnEnglishgrammar.(9)Thestrongerthemotivationis,themorequicklyapersonwilllearnaforeignlanguage.2.英美英语差别(1)American/BritishEnglish；(2)Thereislittle/muchdifferenceingrammar.(3)I’mconfusedaboutthedifferencebetween...and...3.语言与文化(1)languagelearning；(2)culturedifference/diversity；(3)cultivatecross-culturalawareness；(4)Respectothers’cultureandcustom；(5)Cultureplaysanimportantroleinlanguagelearning.(6)Cultureunderstandingenablesusto...(7)Itishightimeforustotreasureandprotectculturerelics.【话题范文】ProtectTraditionalChineseCultureTheprotectionofnationalandfolkcultureisofgreatsignificancetoChineseculturaldiversityandalsototheharmoniousdevelopmentbetweenlocaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.ItisreportedthattheGuangdonggovernmentpaysspecialattentiontoprotectingChaoju(潮剧)，alocaldramaborninChaozhouintheeasternGuangdongprovince.Inmyopinion,somemeasuresshouldbetakentoprotecttraditionalcultureeffectively.Tostartwith,weshouldmakealawtoregulatethesociety’sperformance.Besides,weshoulddrawmorepeople’sattentiontoit,forthemoretheyknowabouttheimportanceofcultureprotection,thestrongerthesupportwecangetfromthepublic.Inaword,itishightimeforustotreasureanddevelopourownvaluableculture.I．阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。\nAWhatdoyoudowhenyouneedtolooksomethingup?Gotothelibrary?Openanencyclopedia（百科全书）?ClickontotheInternet?Thesedays,mostpeoplegostraighttoWikipedia,theonlineencyclopedia.Buthowreliableisit?There’snodenyingthepopularityandusefulnessofWikipedia.Itattractsasmanyas78millionvisitorseverymonth,andthesiteisavailableinmorethan270differentlanguages.It’soneofthemostcomprehensiveresourcesavailablewhichincludesalmostalldetails,factsandinformationthatmaybeconcerned.It’sgotmuchmoreinformationthananordinaryencyclopedia.Thesiteisupdatedonadailybasisbythousandsofpeoplearoundtheworld.AnyonewithanInternetconnectioncanlogonandeditthecontentsoraddanewpage.Andyoudon’tneedanyformaltraining.Ofcourse,therearesomecontrols.Wikipediahasateamofmorethan1,500administratorswhocheckforfalseinformation.Andmaintargetsforharmfulcomments（suchaspoliticians）areoff-limitstopublicediting.Butwithmorethan16millionarticlestokeepaneyeon,itisn’teasy.So,whileWikipediabenefitsfrombeingconstantlyupdatedwithinformationfromallovertheworld,it’salsoopento“vandals”（恣意破坏公共财物者）.Someofthedamageiseasytonotice.OnepersondrewdevilhornsandamoustacheonMicrosoftchairmanBillGate’sphoto,whileanothereditedGreekphilosopherPlato’sbiographytosayhewasa“Hawaiianweathermanwhoiswidelybelievedtohavebeenastudentof‘BarneythepurpleDinosaur’”.Butotherthingsarehardertospot.Themostcommonformofvandalism（恣意破坏公共财物罪）involvesaddingtinyitemsoffalseinformationintothebiographyofafamousperson.Unbelievably,someofthismisinformationhasappearedinnewspapers,withTheDailyMail,TheGuardianandTheIndependentallhavingfallenvictimtothedirtytricks.Forexample,inanarticleaboutBritishcomedianSirNormanWisdom,onenewspaperclaimedthatheco-wroteDameVeraLynn’swartimehit.There’llbebluebirdsovertheWhiteCliffsofDover.Hedidnosuchthing.Andinotherarticle,itwasreportedthatTVThemetunecomposerRonnieHazlehursthadwrittentheSClub7’shitReachagain,nottrue.So,ifyou’regoingtouseanyinformationfromWikipedia,makesureyoudouble-checkitfirst.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutWikipediaistrue?\nA.Theprimaryjoboftheadministratorsistoguaranteeinformationconveyedisaccurate.B.Wikipediaisupdateddailysoitisthemostcomprehensiveresourcesavailable.C.Wikipediaissuretobeattackedbecausetoomanypeopleareusingit.D.WhoeverhasaccesstotheInternetcaneditanycontentsofWikipediaastheylike.2.Themainideaofthelasttwoparagraphsisthat___________.A.informationaboutfamouspeopleislikelytobeinaccurate.B.allitemsoffalseinformationarenoteasytogetspotted.C.howeverfamousthepapersare,theywillbecheated.D.youcanneverbecarefulenoughwhileupdatinginformationonline.3.What’sthewriter’sattitudetoWikipediaaccordingtothetext?A.Objective.B.Critical.C.SatisfiedD.Supportive4.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMostReliableOnlineEncyclopediaB.WhyIsWikipediaSoPopular?C.AnOnlineEncyclopediaWithAdvantagesAndDisadvantagesD.HowDoseWikipediaHelpYou?BKokothegorillaknewover1,000signsbasedonAmericanSignLanguage,andusedthemtodoeverythingfromaskingforfoodtojokingaround.Hertrainer,PennyPatterson,thoughtKokowentfurtherstill,signinginnovelwaysandshowingcomplexemotions.AccordingtoMs.Patterson,whenacatthatKokolovedwaskilledinanaccident,Kokosigned:“Cat,cry,have-sorry,Koko-love.”WhenKokodiedlastmonth,someofherobituaries(讣告)mournedthegorillawhohad“masteredAmericansignlanguage”.Thencamethecritics,fromlinguistsandexpertsinsignlanguages.Thereisnodoubtthatanimalscommunicate.Beescandemonstratethedirectionanddistanceofasourceoffood.Dolphinsmakenoisesthatfunctionlikenames.Yetthereisanimportantdistinctionbetweencommunicationandlanguage.Takethemisleadingterm“bodylanguage”.Itissometimesclaimedthatwordsconveyjust7%ofmeaning,andthatbodylanguageandtoneofvoicedotherest.Buttryconveyingafactlike“ItwillrainonTuesday”withyoureyebrows,andthedifferencebecomesclear.Language\nallowsforclearstatements,questionsandcommands.NoamChomskyhasarguedthatpeoplehaveakindof“universalgrammar”,andthatallhumankind’slanguagesaremerevariations(变奏曲)onatheme.Hehaschangedhismindrepeatedlyonwhatmakesuptheessentialofhumanlanguage,butoneobviouscandidateissyntax—rules,notjustwords,whichallowtheconstructionofhugevarietyofmeaningfulexpressions.Nolanguageintheworldmerelyusesrelevantsignstogetherlikecommunicationsatthetourist-abroadlevelofpointingandmakingexaggeratedfacialexpressions.Thatgorillaslacksyntaxshouldnotblindhumanstotheirmagnificence.ButthefactthatKokocouldcommunicateshouldnotmisleadobserversintothinkingshepossessedlanguage.5.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph1?A.Describeanamazinganimal.B.InformpeopleofKoko’sdeath.C.Introducethetopicofthetext.D.ShowMsPatterson’stechnique.6.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguageaccordingtothetext?A.Itconsistsofwordsandbodylanguageandsyntax.B.Bodylanguageactuallycan’tbetakenaslanguage.C.It’spowerthatbothhumansandanimalspossess.D.Facialexpressionsallowforclearstatementsandcommands.7.Whichofthefollowingcanbestconvey“ItwillrainonTuesday”?A.Facialexpressions.B.Eyebrowmovements.C.Pointing.D.Dialect.8.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Humanlanguageisdifferentfrommerecommunication.B.Rulesplayanessentialpartinhumancommunication.C.NoamChomskyisabrilliantmasterofhumanlanguage.D.Koko’sextraordinaryskillsdeservepeople’srecognition.CButtonsarefoundonallsortsofclothing.Theyareusuallysmallandroundandmadeofmetalorplastic.Theyfasten,orconnect,onepieceofclothingtoanother.Theymakesureyourclothesdon’tfalloff.WhenwearespeakingorwritinginEnglish,buttonscanbejustasuseful.Menorwomenoftenwearbutton-downclothestotheoffice.Button-downasanadjectivemeans\ntobeconservative(保守的)ortraditional.Peoplewhoaredescribedasbuttoned-downstaycloseaspossibletothenormalwayofdressingandbehaving.Theydon’twearcrazyclothingordounusualthings.Peopleandeventscanbothbedescribedasbuttoned-down.Ifsomeoneisbuttoned-up,heorsheseemsverybusiness-like.Inpersonalrelationships,abuttoned-uppersoniscoldandstandoffish,meaningtheyphysicallyandemotionallykeepawayfromothers.Buttoned-uppeoplearenotwarmorfriendly.Andtheydonotsharetheirinnerthoughtsandfeelingswithothers.Intheexpression“buttonup”,buttonisaverb.Itmeanstostoptalking.Now,let’ssayyoufindyourselfbuttonholedinaconversationataparty.Thepersonjustkeepstalkingandtalkingandtalking!Finally,youcan’ttakeitanylonger.Youtellthepersontobuttonit!Thisisadirect,butunacceptablewayofsaying“stoptalking”.Buttonyoulipisanotherequallyrudebuteffectivetostopapersonwhotalkstoomuch.Anotherkindofdifficultpersonissomeonewhopushesyourbuttons.Topushsomeone’sbuttonsmeanstoknowexactlyhowtogetthatpersonangryorupset.Peoplewholiketopushotherpeople’sbuttonsusuallydoitforselfishreasons.Firsttheyfindaperson’sweakpoint.Thentheyuseittoupsethim.9.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesbutton-downclothes?A.Comfortable.B.Attractive.C.Formal.D.Loose.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“buttonit”inParagraph4mean?A.Cheerup!B.Calmdown!C.Turnaway!D.Shutup!11.Whatdoesapersonwanttodoifhepushesyourbuttons?A.Helpyouout.B.Makeyousuffer.C.Showheknowsyouwell.D.Pointoutyourweakpoints.DCanthewayyoustandorsitaffectyoursuccess?Thisisoftendiscussedinbusiness—“theimportanceofbodylanguage”,notedU.S.newswebsiteBusinessInsider.“Itactuallyhasanimpactonnotjustthewayotherslookatus,butalsohowweactuallyperform.”\nThat’sperhapswhyHarvardBusinessSchoolprofessorAmyCuddyshottoinstantfameaftergivingaTEDtalkonthesubjectin2012.AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,Cuddy’sspeechisamongthemostviewedTEDtalksofalltime.Cuddyandherteamstudybodylanguage,particularlywhattheycall“high-power”and“low-power”poses.Theirresearchshowedthatstandingorsittinginacertainway,evenforjusttwominutes,changesone’sbodychemistryandself-perception.“Iwantedtoequippeoplewithtoolsthatwouldhelpthemfeelstronger,lessfearful,andbetterabletobringtheirfull,spiritedselvestostressfulsituationslikespeakinginclass,”CuddytoldCNN.“High-power”referstotheactoftakingapostureofconfidence,evenwhenyoudon’tfeelveryconfident.Typicalhigh-powerposesareaboutopeningup.Youstretchandexpandyourbodytotakeupasmuchspaceaspossible.Forexample,bossesaredoinghigh-powerposeswhentheyleanbackintheirchairs,puttheirhandsbehindtheirheads,andkicktheirfeetupontotheirdesks.Meanwhile,peopletakelow-powerpositionswhenthey’refeelinghelplessordefeated.Theycloseup,wrappingtheirarmsaroundthemselvesandtuckingtheirlimbsin.“Thisisn’taboutwhatyourbodylanguageiscommunicatingtoothers;it’saboutwhatyourbodylanguageiscommunicatingtoyou.Yourbodylanguageischangingyourmind,whichchangesyourbehavior,whichchangesyouroutcomes,”saidCuddy.Thebest-knownhigh-powerposeisnicknamedthe“WonderWoman”pose.Youjuststandtallwithyourchestoutandyourhandsonyourhips.Whynotgiveitashot,andseewhetheryoufeelmoreconfidentthanbefore?12.Accordingtothearticle,ProfessorAmyCuddywantedherstudyonbodylanguageto______.A.makepeoplefitterandstrongerB.helppeopletobecomemoreconfidentC.teachpeoplehowtomakeabetterspeechD.helpdistinguishbetweenpeopleofdifferentsocialclasses13.Whichofthefollowingisprobablyahigh-powerposeaccordingtothearticle?A.Foldingyourarmswhentalkingwithothers.B.Lookingdownwhileinthepresenceofothers.C.Sittingwithyourarmspreadoutaroundthechairnexttoyou.\nD.Restingyourchinonyourhandsasifwonderingaboutsomething.14.Themainpurposeofthisarticleisto______.A.givepracticaltipsonhowtocommunicatewithothersB.explainwhathasmadeAmyCuddy’sTEDtalksopopularC.explainwhyAmyCuddyconsidersbodylanguageimportantD.helpthereadertotellthedifferentemotionsfromdifferentposes15.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle?A.PosturingforSuccessB.HighPowerandLowPowerC.Cuddy’sResearchesonBehaviorD.The“Wonderwoman”SpeechA【答案】1.A2.B3.A4.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在线百科全书——维基百科，一部人人可编辑的自由百科全书。它是一个“自由、免费、内容开放”的网络百科全书，很受欢迎，但也有一些虚假信息。1.细节理解题。根据第三段的Wikipediahasateamofmorethan1,500administratorswhocheckforfalseinformation.Andmaintargetsforharmfulcomments（suchaspoliticians）areoff-limitstopublicediting.维基百科有一个由1500多名管理员组成的团队，负责检查错误信息。有害评论的主要目标(比如政客)是禁止公开编辑的。可知，管理员的主要工作是保证信息传递的准确性。故选A。2.主旨大意题。文中说维基百科的管理者的主要工作是保证所传达的信息准确无误。最后倒数第二段用一个转折连词“Butotherthingsarehardertospot.”最后一段的“Unbelievably,someofthismisinformationhasappearedinnewspapers,”以及最后一句“ifyou’regoingtouseanyinformationfromWikipedia,makesureyoudouble-checkitfirst.”可知，“有一些是很难发现的，如在名人传记中添加一些小的虚假信息”、“令人难以置信的是，一些错误信息也出现在报纸上”、“如果你想使用维基百科的任何信息，请确保你先仔细检查一下”。由此可知，最后两段主要讲述了并不是所有虚假信息都很容易被发现。故选B。3.推理判断题。文章只是介绍在线百科全书维基百科，包括它的实用性和受欢迎程度，同时也介绍了维基百科存在的问题，而没有发表自己的看法和观点，由此判断作者只是客观介绍，故选A。4.\n主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了在线百科全书—维基百科。第一段提出当你想要查阅一些东西时可直接去在线维基百科。第二段介绍了维基百科的流行性和实用性。第三段介绍了维基百科有一个团队主要负责核查错误的。第四和第五段告诉人们，有些错误可以容易地被发现，但有的也很难发现。最后提出忠告：如果你想使用维基百科的任何信息，请确保你先仔细检查核实。由此可判断出本文主要维基百科既有优点也有缺点。分析选项可知C项适合作文章标题。故选C。B【答案】5.C6.B7.D8.A【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要从一只会手语的黑猩猩Koko引入主题，谈到对人类语言及语言学习的界定。作者认为肢体语言实际上不能被当作语言，语言是可以清晰地陈述、提问和命令的。大猩猩Koko可以交流的事实不应该误导观察者认为她掌握了语言。5.推理判断题。根据第一段由黑猩猩Koko之死引发人们对其逝去之哀悼，最后引出一条对Koko的讣告，说它掌握了美国手语。以及第二段中Thencamethecritics,fromlinguistsandexpertsinsignlanguages.Thereisnodoubtthatanimalscommunicate.(接着，来自语言学家和手语专家的批评接踵而至。毫无疑问，动物是会交流的)可知第二段开头马上提出有语言学家对此提出反对，然后文章开始讲述语言学习的规律。由此可推知，第一段在全文中就是引出话题的作用。故选C。6.推理判断题。根据第二段中Yetthereisanimportantdistinctionbetweencommunicationandlanguage.(然而，交流和语言之间有一个重要的区别)以及第三段中Takethemisleadingterm“bodylanguage”.(以具有误导性的术语“肢体语言”为例)由此可推知，肢体语言实际上不能被当作语言。故选B。7.推理判断题。根据第三段中Buttryconveyingafactlike“ItwillrainonTuesday”withyoureyebrows,andthedifferencebecomesclear.Languageallowsforclearstatements,questionsandcommands.可知但试着用眉毛表达“周二会下雨”这样的信息，差别就会变得很明显。语言可以清晰地陈述、提问和命令。由此可推知，A、B、C选项都属于肢体语言，并不能清晰地陈述，只有D选项“方言”是可以表达“星期二”会下雨这句话的。故选D。8.主旨大意题。根据最后一段Thatgorillaslacksyntaxshouldnotblindhumanstotheirmagnificence.ButthefactthatKokocouldcommunicateshouldnotmisleadobserversintothinkingshepossessedlanguage.可知大猩猩不会语法不应该使人类对它们的伟大视而不见。但是Koko可以交流的事实不应该误导观察者认为她掌握了语言。结合文章主要从一只会手语的黑猩猩Koko引入主题，谈到对人类语言及语言学习的界定。作者认为肢体语言实际上不能被当作语言，语言是可以清晰地陈述、提问和命令的。大猩猩Koko可以交流的事实不应该误导观察者认为她掌握了语言。由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是人类的语言不同于单纯的交流。故选A。\nC【答案】9.C10.D11.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了纽扣在日常生活中各种衣服上很常见，但是在英语表达中，纽扣也非常有用，文章列举了几个有关“纽扣”的习惯表达。9.细节理解题。根据文章第二段Menorwomenoftenwearbutton-downclothestotheoffice.Button-downasanadjectivemeanstobeconservative（保守的）ortraditional.可知，穿着纽扣的衣服去上班，代表这个人穿得很正式保守。故选C。10.词义猜测题。根据文章第四段Buttonit后文Thisisadirect,butunacceptablewayofsaying“stoptalking”.Buttonyoulipisanotherequallyrudebuteffectivetostopapersonwhotalkstoomuch.可知，当你不想听一个人说话时，可以对他说Buttonit（闭嘴）。故选D。11.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Topushsomeone’sbuttonsmeanstoknowexactlyhowtogetthatpersonangryorupset.可知，pushsomeone’sbuttons为“故意惹恼或激怒某人”。故选B。D【答案】12.B13.C14.D15.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。肢体语言不仅会影响别人对我们的看法，还会影响我们的实际表现。哈佛商学院教授AmyCuddy和她的团队研究身体语言，特别是他们所谓的权势姿势。他们的研究表明，以某种方式站立或坐着，即使只有两分钟，也会改变人体内的化学物质和自我感知。文章介绍了哪些是权势姿势，研究人员告诉读者肢体语言在改变你的想法，进而改变你的行为，进而改变你的结果。12.细节理解题。根据第五段“Iwantedtoequippeoplewithtoolsthatwouldhelpthemfeelstronger,lessfearful,andbetterabletobringtheirfull,spiritedselvestostressfulsituationslikespeakinginclass,”CuddytoldCNN.可知在接受CNN采访时表示：“我想给人们装备一些工具，让他们感觉更强大，不那么害怕，更好地把自己带到充满压力的环境中，比如在课堂上发言。”由此可知，AmyCuddy教授希望她对肢体语言的研究能帮助人们变得更加自信。故选B。13.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中Typicalhigh-powerposesareaboutopeningup.Youstretchandexpandyourbodytotakeupasmuchspaceaspossible.可知典型的权势姿势是关于开放的。你伸展和扩张你的身体，以占据尽可能多的空间。由此可推知，C选项“将你的手臂展开坐在你旁边的椅子上”是权势姿势。故选C。14.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Thisisn’taboutwhatyourbodylanguageiscommunicatingtoothers;it’saboutwhatyourbodylanguageiscommunicatingtoyou.Yourbodylanguageischangingyourmind,whichchangesyourbehavior,whichchangesyouroutcomes,”saidCuddy.\n可知“这与你的肢体语言在向他人传达什么无关；而是你的肢体语言在向你传达什么。你的肢体语言在改变你的想法，进而改变你的行为，进而改变你的结果，”Cuddy说。结合文章主要说明了肢体语言不仅会影响别人对我们的看法，还会影响我们的实际表现。哈佛商学院教授AmyCuddy和她的团队研究身体语言，特别是他们所谓的权势姿势。他们的研究表明，以某种方式站立或坐着，即使只有两分钟，也会改变人体内的化学物质和自我感知。文章还介绍了哪些是权势姿势，研究人员告诉读者肢体语言在改变你的想法，进而改变你的行为，进而改变你的结果。由此可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是帮助读者从不同的姿势中分辨出不同的情感。故选D。15.主旨大意题。根据第一段Canthewayyoustandorsitaffectyoursuccess?可知你站立或坐着的方式会影响你的成功吗？结合文章主要说明了肢体语言不仅会影响别人对我们的看法，还会影响我们的实际表现。哈佛商学院教授AmyCuddy和她的团队研究身体语言，特别是他们所谓的权势姿势。他们的研究表明，以某种方式站立或坐着，即使只有两分钟，也会改变人体内的化学物质和自我感知。文章还介绍了哪些是权势姿势，研究人员告诉读者肢体语言在改变你的想法，进而改变你的行为，进而改变你的结果。由此可知，A选项“成功的姿态”最符合文章标题。故选A。
